Double Jeopardy HepatotoxinsSensitizers (Skin) Sensitizers (Occ asthma/ HP) NeuropathyTeratogens

Used for making phosphates, detergents, fertilizer. When ingested, causes smoking luminescent stools Phosphorus (yellow or white)

“Universal Solvent” Penetrates most plastics (makes them swell) Acrylic fiber production, paint strippers Dimethylformamide (DMF): CLN, steatosis

Heat transfer liquid (transformers/ hydraulic fluid) Fumigant in vineyards (don’t confuse with Bordeaux= copper sulfate) Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene (HCBD): (hepatic fatty degeneration)

Halogenated hydrocarbon which clasically causes liver injury Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

Paint remover, solvent for plastics (dissolves PVC) Dimethylacetamide (DMAC)

- Fumigant, solvent - Production of dye, lubricants, adhesives, drugs - Penetrates rubber - Sweet, chloroform odor has poor warning property Epichlorohydrin

Solvent in plastics/ rubber Ethylenediamine

Use in dyes, fungicides, veterinary antihelminthic O-Phenylenediamine (OPD): severe dermatitis

Polymer production Flocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage) Acrylamides

Cross-linking properties Making: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA= plexiglass) Acrylates

Uses: Producing polyurethane polymers VERY common cause of occupational asthma (HP) Toluene diisocyante (TDI)

Uses: dyes, solvent, emulsifier (skin creams/ latex) Ethylenediamine (EDA)

Enamels, bonding, synthesis of malathion In addition to occupational asthma, can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) Maleic Anhydride Trimeletic anhydride

Plasticizing for vinyl, plastics (PVC)… Diethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP):

Pyrethrum Chemical derived from the chrysanthemum Used as an insecticide Can cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)

-Polymer production, flocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage) - Water treatment, paper, oil, grout Acrylamides

Uses: Photographic, hot tub chemicals, fumigants... Bromides (methyl bromide)

Volatile organic solvent Cold vulcanization of rubber, rayon Carbon disulfide

Used in plastics, styrofoam, insulation, paint Styrene

4 Different Agents: 1.Halogenated hydrocarbon, industrial solvent/ degreaser which causes a myelinopathy rather than axonopathy 2.Plasticizer in lacquer, hydraulic fluid (Jake leg) 3.Used as a solvent in paints, lacquers, ink thinners, glues, and resins. Acetone odor. 4.Industrial solvent classically causing axonopathy 1. Trichloroethylene (myelinopathy) 2.Triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP) 3.Methy-n-butyl ketone (MnBK) 4.n-hexane

Polymer production Flocculator (separate solids from aqueous solutions in sewage) Acrylamides (rodents: tibial & optic nerve degeneration)

Volatile organic solvent Cold vulcanization of rubber, rayon Carbon disulfide (heart, CNS, craniofacial)

A solvent used as a fluid in transformers, capacitors, and as a coolant A persistent organic pollutant, banned in US in 1979 PCB’s: Cola-colored skin IUGR Skull calcifications

Sources of this toxin are primarily from environmental release of elemental mercury Methylmercury (CP-like syndrome)

Carbon monoxide is a teratogen (cerebral atrophy, MR, death). What organic solvent is metabolized to CO-? Methylene chloride