PhET Simulations: Gas Properties Solid, Liquid, Gas

Three types of intermolecular forces for neutral molecules: London Dispersion forces van der Waals forces Dipole-dipole forces Hydrogen bonding Also important in solution: Ion-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces

London dispersion forces:

Hydrogen bonding:

2-10 kJ/mol 2-10 kJ/mol 5-25 kJ/mol 15 kJ/mol >200 kJ/mol

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Copper Sulfate

Alum

Apatite

Amethyst

Quartz - crystalline Silica or quartz glass - amorphous