ADDIS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP 14 – 17 March 2011 MAKING SOCIAL PROTECTION WORK FOR PRO-POOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

India’s experience in social protection – Lessons from social mobilisation and women’s empowerment in Andhra Pradesh state VIJAY KUMAR, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India

Vision of A.P social protection programme: each family in the state should be out of poverty, and, enjoy a decent quality of life. Comprehensive: ‘voice’, gender equality, income, social recognition, risk management, health and education

Core beliefs in social protection: Poor: –innate capabilities –self-help and volunteerism Social mobilisation and institutions of poor – critical for comprehensive poverty eradication Sensitive support institutions for poor – to induce social mobilisation

A.P social protection programme Strong commitment of successive Chief Ministers ( over 20 years ) UNDP – SAPAP Pilot 1995 – 2000 World Bank support – Setting up of S.E.R.P in 2000 – statewide implementing organisation

Mandal Samakhyas and V.Os plan and implement the various project components –Each Mandal is divided into three Clusters of habitations. –A development professional, called Community Coordinator (CC) is placed in each Cluster. S/he stays in her cluster. –SERP selects and trains them. After completion of training, they are contracted by the MS and are accountable to MS. –M.S responsible for social mobilisation, institution building and funding the microplans of S.H.Gs/V.Os from C.I.F –Micro credit plans are evolved by the S.H.Gs in each village. These plans are funded by their own savings, CIF fund and Bank Linkage. –V.Os responsible for appraising the microplans and recommending them to M.S for financing from C.I.F –V.Os appraise microplans and also finance them from the recycled C.I.F C.B.Os implement the project Institutional Model SHGs Thrift and credit activities Monitoring group performance Micro Credit Planning Household inv plans E.C-2 from each S.H.G, 5 Office bearers Strengthening of SHGs Arrange line of credit to the SHGs Social action Village development Marketing and food security Support activists – 3 -5 E.C-2 from each V.O, 5 Office bearers Support to VOs Secure linkage with Govt.Depts. fin institutions, markets Auditing of the groups Micro Finance functions SHGs V.O MMS Z S 300, ,000 Village Organization Mandal Samakhya Zilla Samakhya SELF HELP GROUPS

Universal outreach –All Villages in A.P covered –Universal coverage of poor –10.7 million women organised into 934,000 S.H.Gs –S.H.G Federations: village – 35,525 V.Os, mandal – 1099 M.M.S, and, district – 22 Z.Ss

Social capital –2.0 million trained grassroots women leaders managing S.H.Gs and federations –180,000 para professionals at village level – accountable to women’s groups –20,000 Community resource persons – scaling up and deepening social mobilisation

Community Micro finance model Village Organization Mandal Samakhya SHG Terms of Partnership (VO – MS) Terms of Partnership (SHG – VO) Terms of Partnership (Member – SHG) Repayment Period Members Prioritization of Needs and Members Micro Credit Plan Months months months Banks

Financial inclusion  W.B / GoI outlay: - Rs.2600 cr ($600 m)  S.H.G’s own corpus Rs.4650 cr ($1020)  Cumulative lending from banks: : Rs cr ($7470 m)  State Govt’s incentive for prompt loan repayment: : Rs.1600 cr ($350 m)

Prerequisites for a family to come out of abject poverty Time: 6 to 8 years Nurturing by S.H.Gs and federations. Minimum investment of Rs.100,000 ($2200) per family (‘small’ and ‘big’ loans) A.P Govt. plan to raise Rs.110,000 cr ($ 24 bn) covering 11 million poor women – by 2016/17

Impact of social protection on key livelihoods –Agriculture –Livestock – dairying –Skills –Risk management

Eco – agriculture initiative –To reduce costs and risks and increase net incomes –Community managed –Appropriate for adaptation to climate change and mitigation –27 lakh acres, 10 lakh farmers coverage (12 % of State’s cultivable area).

Key elements: Management by women “Decentralized, accountable extension system”, locally available natural resources bio-diversity household level food and nutritional security Best practising farmers as community trainers – scaling-up “by” the community

15 Summer Ploughing: Exposes the pupae to scorching sun Community bonfires: Immediately after the first rains, attracts adults and kill the pests Non pesticide management practices

16 Seed and seedling treatment: To prevent pests and fungal diseases in early Stages Alleys : To Prevent Brown Plant Hopper (BPH) etc Bird perches: 15 – 20 bird perches per Acre to manage larval pests Clipping of the tips, paddy seedlings:

17 Jowar as a border crop Marigold as a trap crop for Helicoverpa Border crop: with jowar or maize in two or three rows. To improve friendly insect population Trap crop: castor, marigold and 100 plants / acre

18 Pheromone traps: 5-10 traps / Ac for monitoring pest load Delta traps: For leaf Webber in Groundnut Light traps: Red hairy cater pillar in G.Nut

19 Soil Fertility Management – through natural resources Mulching, Catch crop Polycrops - Crop diversification Bund plantation – Gliricidia, etc Azolla in Paddy Tank silt application FYM - soil organic carbon Dung based inoculants Composting - NADEP Neem cake application

Drought proofing Conservation of the entire rain water in the field itself acres of 1,60,000 poor farmers Components include Trench, Conservation furrows, Farm Pond, compost pit, tank silt application. Rs. 48,000 per acre - MGNREGS

Crop Management: Perennials on conservation furrows including green leaf manure plants. 7 tiered crop canopy ( 36*36 model ) near farm pond.

Bio diversity Poly crops with emphasis on monocot & dicots, leguminous & non leguminous Bund plantation Ecological benefits – fish and honey bee

Increased food grain production – House hold level Sl.NoNameReq of rice for family Qty produced thru 0.5 acre model Status after 0.5 acre model implementation 1Smt.Ramulamma1284 qtls deficit 2Smt. Kishtamma qtls surplus 3Smt. Vineetha781 qtl surplus 4Smt.Balamma88sufficient Yadireddy pally of Mahabubnagar Earlier they used to purchase entire requirement

Journey of an ultra poor family from “wage seekers” to “net food producers” Smt. M.Bojjamma, Thadakanaplle village in Kurnool district. Ultra-poor The village Organization provided a loan amount of Rs.7,000/- for leasing in 0.5 Acre land Incomes –Kharif - SRI Paddy – Rs. 20,000/- –Kharif Vegetables- Rs.22,200/- –Rabi Vegetables - Rs.26,500/- –Total gross incomes – Rs.68,700/- Total cost of cultivation – Rs. 7,200/- Net income from 0.5 Acre – Rs. 54,500/-

25 L Venkat Rao –Vijayangaram 36 ft * 36 ft area Net Income : Rs.11,150 on 1100 sft Crop NameYield in Kg Income (Rs) Leafy Vegetables 1252,500 Vegetables1402,820 Creepers Pulses Tuber Crops40750 Total Income 13,750 Expenditure1,050 Family consn 1,550 Net Income11,150 Multi layer farming – 36*36 model

Securing the future for the ultra poor Every ultra-poor family should earn an additional Income of Rs.60,000 /-per annum Key sources: A. Sustainable Agriculture – Rs.25,000 – 40,000/- B. NREGA – Rs.10,000/- C. Marketing Premiums – Rs.5000 – 10,000/- D. Dairy – Rs – Rs.25000/- Assumptions: Land lease/own: wet land – 0.25 – 0.5 acres wet Dry land: 0.5 – 1.0 acre Dairy: 2 -3 animals

Social protection – other livelihoods impacts Collective marketing of agriculture produce −Village level procurement centres for paddy, maize, red gram, soybean, etc Women dairies −175 Bulk milk cooling centres run by Mandal samakhyas −2784 village milk collection centres −250,000 litres of milk per day (flush season) −140,000 dairy farmers

Risk mitigation Social risk management –Managed by Zilla samakhyas, M.Ss –9 million members/spouses covered under life insurance - largest in the country –24*7 service –Low Admin costs: Rs.10 ($0.20 cents) per member per annum –Cattle insurance – Vizianagaram district –Health insurance - Vishakhapatnam

Social interventions Health and nutrition initiative –healthy mothers and healthy babies – ‘zero’ low birth weight babies Education –Pre-school centres managed by V.Os Gender initiative – intra family equity, ‘no to domestic violence’, family counselling centres

Social interventions S.H.G – Co-contributory pension – introduced in Nov 2009, to cover 4 million rural and urban women in S.H.Gs

Convergence Women’s network a platform for convergence of all anti-poverty programmes of Govt. : housing, land access, civil supplies, urban development, forest management Line departments modified implementation procedures in consultation with S.H.G federations

Scaling up A.P experience to the whole country  National Rural livelihoods mission  Task: to reach out to 70 – 80 million rural poor households (poorest of poor: 350 – 400 million)  Stay engaged with them till they come out of abject poverty  To do this in a time bound manner

N.R.L.M Key pillars: 1.Building strong institutions of the poor 2.Dedicated support structures 3.Financial inclusion 4.Sustainable Livelihoods promotion 5.Social risk management 6.Partnerships: N.G.Os, banks, private sector, training institutions