Interest Grabber Section 4-1 Local Conditions How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry?

B. The Greenhouse Effect C. The Effect of Latitude on Climate Section Outline Section 4-1 4–1 The Role of Climate A. What Is Climate? B. The Greenhouse Effect C. The Effect of Latitude on Climate

Weather – day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere What is Climate? Weather – day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere Climate – average of daily weather over a period of time Factors affecting climate: Trapping of heat by the atmosphere Latitude Ocean currents Etc.

Include: CO2 Methane Water vapor Greenhouse Gases Include: CO2 Methane Water vapor Similar to a car on a hot day, glass allows light energy in, yet heat can not escape.

The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

The Effect of Latitude on Climate Earth is tilted on it’s axis, causing varying degrees of light striking the Earth. 3 main zones of climate: 1. polar zones 2. temperate zones (United States) 3. tropical zones

Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4-1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Sunlight 66.5°N Arctic circle Some heat escapes into space Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Equator Most direct sunlight 0° Greenhouse gases trap some heat Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle 66.5°S Sunlight Earth’s surface 90°S South Pole

4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Section Outline Section 4-2 4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors B. The Niche C. Community Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Symbiosis D. Ecological Succession 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession 3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors – living components that influence the ecosystem. Predators, prey, plants for herbivores Abiotic factors – non-living components that influence the ecosystem Water, O2, CO2, temp., precip. Combined both determine stability of the ecosystem. Examples of how it can be thrown out of whack?

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

The Niche Where an organism fits into its environment Place on food chain What it eats How it reproduces Climate it prefers If niche is not suited for environment….then organism is not suited for the environment.

Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat!!! Competition!

Community Interactions Competition Predation Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism 4. Parasitism

Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human or non-human interactions. Could be a rapid change or very gradual (thousands of years). Types: Primary Secondary

Primary Succession Occurs where no soil exists – must start with plants….Why? Bare rocks Volcanic areas Occurs often due to climatic changes of plate tectonics After original pioneer species establish area, new organisms begin to inhabit area.

Primary succession

Secondary Succession When a drastic climatic event disturbs a particular area and organisms re-establish the ecosystem over time. Prairie fires Ecosystems typically bounce back from natural disturbances, but struggle to return when human disturbances occur (non-natural).

Secondary succession

4–3 Biomes A. Biomes and Climate B. The Major Biomes Section Outline Section 4-3 4–3 Biomes A. Biomes and Climate B. The Major Biomes C. Other Land Areas 1. Mountain Ranges 2. Polar Ice Caps

What is a biome? Many ecosystems combined sharing the same climate and soil conditions. Organisms are adapted structurally and behaviorally to that particular biome Ex: Saguaro and anthurium Organsims in biomes demonstrate tolerance. What is that?

Compare/Contrast Table Section 4-3 Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna clay Desert low Temperate Grassland summer hot absent Temperate woodland and Shrubland summer low, winter moderate Temperate Forest summer moderate, winter cold Northwestern Coniferous Forest summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic Boreal Forest summer mild, winter cool poor, acidic Tundra summer mild, winter cold

Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga)

Generally speaking…… What adaptations do plants and animals have for the biomes they live in? Example: What are plants like in temperate climate?....

Click the image to play the video segment. Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1 Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment.

Click the image to play the video segment. Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2 Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment.

Other land areas Mountain ranges Varies elevation How does that influence climate? Polar ice caps Cool surrounding water (thus air also). What does that mean?

A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems Section Outline Section 4-4 4–4 Aquatic Ecosystems A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems 2. Standing-Water Ecosystems 3. Freshwater Wetlands B. Estuaries C. Marine Ecosystems 1. Intertidal Zone 2. Coastal Ocean 3. Coral Reefs 4. Open Ocean 5. Benthic Zone

75% of the Earth covered in water We have A LOT of aquatic ecosystems! Determined mostly by water’s: Depth Flow Temperature Chemistry (fresh/marine, pH, O2.)

Freshwater ecosystems – 3% Flowing water Rivers, creeks, etc. Standing water Lakes, ponds, etc.

Standing water ecosystems Basis for the food chain is plankton 1. phytoplankton – plant-like (photo.) -single celled algae 2. zooplankton – “critter-like” - feed on phytoplankton

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans

Freshwater wetlands Water covers existing soil either partly or completely for an extended period of time. Very productive ecosystems containing both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Swamps, bogs, marshes

Illinois Swamps – Cache River

Estuaries Where freshwater rivers reach the sea Have a mixture of freshwater/marine life Crabs, clams, fish Use them mostly to reproduce then when mature, head out to sea.

Salt Marshes Temperate-zone estuaries Salt tolerant grasses Chesapeake Bay in Maryland

Mangrove Swamps Tropical regions Salt tolerant trees Florida Everglades National Park

Marine ecosystems Photic zones Shallow areas of the ecosystem where sunlight can penetrate rate of photosynthesis Down to about 200 meters Aphotic zones Deep areas, no light penetrates rate of photo. Chemosynthetic “critters”

Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 land Photic zone 200m Coastal ocean 1000m Open ocean 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain

Intertidal zone Subjected to seawater, air, sunlight, battered by waves all in the period of one day. Exposed to daily extreme environ. Changes Zonation: horizontal banding -Coastal ocean - Low tide make to outer edge of continental shelf Almost entirely ‘photic’ Rich in plankton, kelp and other algae dominant Kelp forests

Coral reefs Formed from hard calcium deposits of dead coral skeletons Shallow water for algae that live symbiotically with them. Provide shelter for fish, etc.

Open ocean “oceanic zone” Largest marine zone by area (90%) Low # of producers = ??? But, why such a large rate of photo? Benthic zone Ocean floor Benthos Chemosynthetic critters or feed on dead stuff/detritus (decomposers)