Ecosystems and Communities

March 22, 2011 Turn in your cycles of matter hw!! Turn in your cycles of matter hw!! Warm Up: How is the flow of energy different from the flow of matter? Warm Up: How is the flow of energy different from the flow of matter? Anticipation Guide! Anticipation Guide!

Competition Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Resources-any necessity of life Resources-any necessity of life

Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

Predation Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator vs. Prey Predator vs. Prey Give me some examples! Give me some examples!

Predation

Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Types of Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism-both benefit, Mutualism-both benefit, Ex. Flowers and insects Ex. Flowers and insects Commensalism-one member benefits, other neither helped nor harmed, :- Commensalism-one member benefits, other neither helped nor harmed, :- Ex. Barnacles and whale Ex. Barnacles and whale Parasitism-one helped, one harmed,  Parasitism-one helped, one harmed,  Ex. Tapeworms and mammals Ex. Tapeworms and mammals

Mutualism

Commensalism :-

Parasitism 

Ecological Relationships After a student reads the scenario, hold up which card you think BEST APPLIES. After a student reads the scenario, hold up which card you think BEST APPLIES. Commensalism Commensalism Mutualism Mutualism Parasitism Parasitism Predation Predation

Symbiotic Relationships Complete the manipulative set with your partner. Call me to check on it! Complete the manipulative set with your partner. Call me to check on it! Anticipation Guide – recap! Anticipation Guide – recap! When finished, start the handout. Finish for hw!!! Circle the correct relationship (a, b or c) Circle the correct relationship (a, b or c) Write which type of symbiosis that relationship is. Write which type of symbiosis that relationship is.

March 23, 2011 Bring book tomorrow and Friday!!! Bring book tomorrow and Friday!!! Quiz on Friday – Chapters 3 and 4 – No notes! Quiz on Friday – Chapters 3 and 4 – No notes! Warm Up – Warm Up – What is symbiosis? What is symbiosis? What are the three symbiotic relationships? What are the three symbiotic relationships? Review Cycles/Anticipation Guide/Exit Ticket Review Cycles/Anticipation Guide/Exit Ticket Create a symbiotic bat! Create a symbiotic bat! Definition Definition Example Example Picture of what it is Picture of what it is

March 24, 2011 Bring Book Again Tomorrow! Bring Book Again Tomorrow! Symbiosis PP Review with homework! Symbiosis PP Review with homework! Symbiosis Worksheet – PART I ONLY!!!! Symbiosis Worksheet – PART I ONLY!!!!

Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors Together determine survival and growth of an organism and productivity of the ecosystem. Together determine survival and growth of an organism and productivity of the ecosystem. Biotic Factors Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Abiotic Factors Niche Niche

A. biotic factors- the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem -living things! B. abiotic factors-physical or nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem -nonliving things! C. niche-the full range of physical and biological conditions in which and organism lives and how it uses them

NICHE describes the job of the organism within the ecosystem – it is the full range of physical and biological conditions it lives in and out it uses those conditions! Here is a picture of a worm and its niche…how can we describe a worm’s niche? Describe your niche!!

Biotic FactorAbiotic Factor Definition: 3 Examples: Definition: 3 Examples: How is a niche different than a habitat????

The Role of Climate Are all species able to tolerant all environmental conditions? Are all species able to tolerant all environmental conditions? Temperature, precipitation and other environmental factors in the atmosphere combine to produce climate and weather. Temperature, precipitation and other environmental factors in the atmosphere combine to produce climate and weather.

Weather vs. Climate Weather-day to day Weather-day to day Climate-year to year Climate-year to year Climate is caused by many factors. Climate is caused by many factors. The energy of incoming sunlight drives Earth’s weather and in turn determines climate. The energy of incoming sunlight drives Earth’s weather and in turn determines climate.

The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range. Atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range. Gases act like a “glass window” of a greenhouse. Gases act like a “glass window” of a greenhouse. Heat is retained by layer of greenhouse gases creating effect. Heat is retained by layer of greenhouse gases creating effect.

Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases allow solar energy to penetrate the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases allow solar energy to penetrate the atmosphere. Converted into heat energy as it hits the Earth’s surface and radiates back into the atmosphere. Converted into heat energy as it hits the Earth’s surface and radiates back into the atmosphere. But, the gases do not allow the escape as easily as the entrance. But, the gases do not allow the escape as easily as the entrance. In turn, heat is trapped in the atmosphere. In turn, heat is trapped in the atmosphere.

Latitude’s Effect on Climate Earth is tilted, so solar radiation strikes at different parts of Earth’s surface at angles that vary at different times of year. Earth is tilted, so solar radiation strikes at different parts of Earth’s surface at angles that vary at different times of year. This causes three climate zones: polar, temperate and tropical This causes three climate zones: polar, temperate and tropical

Winds and Ocean Currents The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives wind and ocean currents transporting heat throughout the biosphere. The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives wind and ocean currents transporting heat throughout the biosphere. The upward movement of warm air and downward movement of cool air create air currents or winds moving heat. The upward movement of warm air and downward movement of cool air create air currents or winds moving heat. The flow of water due to temperature as well as by winds causes ocean currents. The flow of water due to temperature as well as by winds causes ocean currents. Ocean currents also transport heat energy and in turn affect weather and climate. Ocean currents also transport heat energy and in turn affect weather and climate.

Ecological Succession Ecosystems constantly change due to natural and human disturbances. Ecosystems constantly change due to natural and human disturbances. Series of unpredictable changes Series of unpredictable changes Primary succession: succession that occurs on surfaces with no soil Primary succession: succession that occurs on surfaces with no soil Ex. After a volcanic eruption Ex. After a volcanic eruption Pioneer species Pioneer species Secondary succession: soil is present Secondary succession: soil is present Ex. Land cleared for farming is abandoned or after wildfires in woodlands Ex. Land cleared for farming is abandoned or after wildfires in woodlands

Primary Succession = No soil!

Secondary Succession

Aquatic Ecosystems Determined primarily by depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water. Determined primarily by depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water. Marine – saltwater/oceanic Marine – saltwater/oceanic Limiting Nutrient = nitrogen! Limiting Nutrient = nitrogen! Freshwater – flowing (rivers) or standing (lakes, ponds) Freshwater – flowing (rivers) or standing (lakes, ponds) Limiting Nutrient = phosphorus! Limiting Nutrient = phosphorus!

Coral Reefs Named for coral animals with calcium carbonate skeletons Named for coral animals with calcium carbonate skeletons

Biomes Complex terrestrial communities that covers a large area Complex terrestrial communities that covers a large area Tolerance: ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from optimal ones Tolerance: ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from optimal ones Microclimate Microclimate

Tropical Rain Forest

Tropical Dry Forest

Tropical Savanna

Deserts

Temperate Grassland

Temperate Woodland and Scrubland

Temperate Forest

Northwestern Coniferous Forest

Boreal Forest

Tundra