Do Now Take out Genetics, DNA and Evolution final review guide Write down any questions you have pertaining to your final exam.

Genetics What are the gametes of a male? Sperm A female? Egg 2. Define phenotype and genotype. Phenotype – the outward appearance of a trait (ex: Tall) Genotype – the actual alleles that code for the trait (ex: Tt) 3. What are the products of mitosis? 2 diploid cells Meiosis? 4 haploid cells Fertilization? 1 diploid cell

Incomplete dominance: Explain and give an example of the different types of inheritance: incomplete dominance, polygenic, codominance, multiple alleles. Practice punnett squares for each type of inheritance! Incomplete dominance: A pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous gene produces an intermediate trait. Ex: Red (RR) flowered plant and a White (rr) flowered plant cross to make pink flowers R R r 0:4:0 0 red, 4 pink, 0 white Rr Rr Rr Rr

(4. continued) Codominance: A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is recessive so the phenotypes of both alleles are expressed in some way. Ex: Cattle (red RR, white R’R’ and roan R’R)

(4. Continued) Polygenic - traits are controlled by several interacting genes, rather than by a pair of alleles at a single locus. Ex: Human hair and eye color

(4. continued) Multiple Alleles - genes have more than two different alleles--thus, "multiple" alleles Type A - IA IA, IA i Type B - IB IB, IB i Type AB - IA IB Type O - i i (**What percent chance will offspring have type A blood?**)

Define homozygous. And heterozygous. Homozygous – pair of alleles that are the same Ex: tt, TT Heterozygous – pair of alleles that are different Ex: Tt What is a karyotype? What do you learn from it? Karyotype – a chart of metaphase chromosome pair arranged by size and placement of centromere A karyotype will tell you the sex of a baby or whether or not it has a genetic disorder like Downs Syndrome, before birth.

DNA A bonds with T ; C bonds with G (Think about it… could DNA be copied without this paring of nitrogen bases??) What is translocation? Substitution? Deletion? Point mutation? frameshift mutation? Translocation – A chromosome alteration in which a whole chromosome or segment of a chromosome becomes attached to or interchanged with another whole chromosome or segment Substitution – a type of mutation due to replacement of one nucleotide in a DNA sequence by another nucleotide. Deletion – the absence of a segment of DNA; may be as small as a single base or large enough to encompass one or more entire genes.(Ex: leaving a line) Point mutation – Changing one nucleotide in a sequence of DNA caused by substitution. Frameshift mutation - An insertion or deletion involving the movement of the rest of the sequence from the site of the mutation on.

DNA 3. A nucleotide consists of these three parts? Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G) Deoxyribose Sugar Phosphate 4. What is transcription? Translation? Transcription - is the coping of the DNA code to mRNA Translation – is converting the RNA code to proteins(amino acids)

DNA 5. What is gel electrophoresis? Gel electrophoresis is the process sorting molecules like DNA by size and charge What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of altering or changing the DNA of an organism. For example inserting a small fragment of frog DNA into another species.

Do Now Take out evolution review guide to be checked Start to work on DNA and genetics until we start to go over Evolution Answers. Homework: DNA and genetics due tomorrow

Evolution How are fossils formed? Fossils can be formed in different ways. Fossils can be found in sedimentary rock layers. Fossil insects may have been trapped in ice or hardened into amber. How do scientists learn about organisms of the past when studying fossils? Scientists identify different kinds of fossils found in sedimentary rock layers. Scientists can determine the approximate time organism lived and the climate. Define divergent, convergent, coevolution. Give an example of each Divergent - the evolution from a common ancestor to a variety of species Convergent- two unrelated species appear similar even though they are geographically separated and genetically different. Coevolution- two separate species evolve response to one another

Evolution Explain the difference between analogous, homologous and vestigial structures. Give an example of each. Homologous structure – structures that have similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes. Example: bat wing and human arm Analogous structure – structures that do not have similar evolutionary origin but have similar function. Example: bat wing, bird wing and flying squirrel Vestigial Structure – structures that are no longer used or needed Example: the pelvic girdle and leg bones of an adult python Define natural selection. Natural Selection – is the survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the environment.

Evolution 6. Explain the difference between disruptive, directional and stabilizing selection. Give an example of each. Stabilizing selection – the average individual of a population are favored. Disruptive selection – individuals with both extreme forms of a trait are at a selective advantage. Directional selection – favors one extreme form of a trait in a population. 7. Define nonrandom mating and gene flow. Gene flow – the movement of genes into and out of a gene pool Nonrandom mating means that there is specific mate selection 8. Who is Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin is the founder of the modern evolutionary theory – evolution by natural selection 9. What is geographic isolation? Geographic isolation occurs when organisms of the same species are physically separated by some geographic structure ex: mountain, lake… 10. What is camouflage? The ability to blend into the surrounding environment.

Ecology How is nitrogen released to the abiotic parts of the biosphere? Decay by bacteria 2. How does carbon dioxide enter the biotic parts of the biosphere? Photosynthesis

Ecology 3. List and explain the different levels of organization. Biosphere - includes all parts of Earth where life exists Biome- many ecosystems with similar climates Ecosystem – interactions between living(biotic) and non-living(abiotic) factors Community – interactions between several species in an area Population – groups of organisms of same species interacting in a particular area Organism – an individual

Ecology 4. Name and explain the differences between the 5 different types of symbiosis. Predation – one organism (predator) captures and consumes another organism (prey) Parasitism – relationship where one organism is helped and the other is harmed Competition – the use of the same limited resource by 2 or more organisms in the same place at the same time Mutualism – relationship where both organisms benefit Commensalism – relationship where one organism is helped and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Ecology 5. Explain the difference between logistic and exponential growth. What kind of curves represent each? Exponential growth is unrestricted population growth or growth without any limiting factors whereas logistic growth is population growth that is restricted by limiting factors in the environment. Hint: it is very important to understand limiting factors and carrying capacity!!!

Ecology Exponential growth curve- Unrestricted populations of organisms Logistic growth curve – a population that grows until it reaches its carrying capacity has this shape

Ecology What is a major threat to biodiversity? Habitat Loss Why is biodiversity important to people? Biodiversity provides many resources for humans (food, water, medicine, recreation, beauty…)

Ecology Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession. Primary succession occurs in an area where there was no life before whereas secondary succession occurs in an area where primary succession already took place but was destroyed in a disaster or disrupted. An example of primary succession is the initial development of plant or animal communities in an area where no soil initially exists (such as caused by a lava flow following volcanic eruption or severe landslide that covered the land). The primary succession is important in pioneering the area to create conditions favorable for the growth of other forms of plants and animals.

Ecology Define climax community. A climax community is a stable ecosystem that develops due to succession. Explain the difference between a food web and a food chain? A food chain is the series of organisms showing feeding relationships. A food web is a combination of interconnected food chains.

Ecology What do the arrows represent in a food chain/web? The arrows represent the movement of energy in a food chain/web. 12. What happens to the energy as you move up the food chain? The amount of available energy decreases.

13. List the trophic levels from the bottom to the top of the period.

Ecology 14. Where do decomposers get their energy? Dead plants and animals Example mushrooms growing off of dead logs

Classification Define taxonomy and classification. Taxonomy is the system for classifying and identifying organisms. Classification is the system for grouping similar organisms together. 2. How do bacteria reproduce? Is it slow or fast? Binary fission, fast

Classification 3. Describe the structure of a virus. What characteristics do they share with a living thing? A virus is a nucleic acid that has a protective protein cover. Viruses like other living things contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) Ex: vaccines help to prevent you from getting some viruses. Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic is a type of cell that lacks a nucleus. Eukaryotic is a type of cell that has a nucleus.

Classification Which kingdoms are prokaryotic? Bacteria & Archaea 6. What is an antibody? Chemicals made by the body that help destroy viruses and harmful bacteria 7. Is the common cold caused by a bacteria or a virus? Virus 8. Do bacteria have a nucleus? No

Classification 9. What is the main difference between a plant and a fungi? The main difference between fungi and plants is that fungi are heterotrophs while plants are autotrophs. So fungi can NOT make their own food but plants can.

Also… Be able to identify examples of niches, habitats and limiting factors Be able to read a pedigree and determine genotypes and identify carriers Be able to identify examples of the different types of selection like disruptive selection Know the basic parts of plants and their functions Be able to read and analyze different types of graphs & tables