One Health & Environmental Literacy Alison Robbins, MS, DVM Tufts Center for Conservation Medicine Tufts Environmental Literacy Institute May 20, 2013

Overview of One Health Frame the subject of one health through a review of global assessments of ecosystem health and human health Review definitions and priorities Review concepts of ecosystem services and planetary boundaries Anthropocene MEA, MDG, Sustainability Development Goals

One Health What is it? Recognition that human health, animal health and ecosystem health are inextricably linked Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman

One Health One Health? Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman What distinguishes “conservation medicine” as a one health discipline? There are many ways to approach the complex problems embodied in a one health paradigm. Conservation medicine explores these circles and relationships with an emphasis on conservation challenges, a mission to derive sustainable solutions and an ultimate goal of protecting biodiversity and the ecosystems essential to animal and human health. Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman

Many Competing Terms Global Health Ecohealth One Health Public Health Conservation Medicine

Global Health and Ecohealth Global health- a study and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide(Wikipedia)-measures health outcomes Ecohealth-An emerging field of study researching how changes in the earth’s ecosystems affect human health focusing on participation, gender and social equity, systems thinking, and research to action DALY disability adjusted life years

One Health Initiative -AVMA The One Health concept is a worldwide strategy for expanding interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals and the environment. http://www.onehealthinitiative.com/

Conservation Medicine @ Tufts Conservation medicine focuses on health relationships occurring at the interface of humans, animals, and the environment, and seeks to develop and apply health management practices, policies and programs that sustain biodiversity and protect the ecosystems essential to animal and human health. Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman

One Health We don’t all have the same priorities… PUBLIC HEALTH #1 Human health #2 Animal health #3 Environmental health CONSERVATION MEDICINE #1 Wildlife health #2 Environmental health #3 Human health ECOSYSTEM HEALTH #1 Environmental health #2 Human health #3 Animal health Slide Courtesy G. Kaufman

Global Health Assessment Environmental Health Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Links ecosystem health to attaining human development goals Animal Health Livestock and agriculture Biological Diversity -MEA Wildlife Human Health Millennium Development Goals

Indicators of Global Human Health Indicators of human well being and health across the planet Infant and child mortality, Extreme hunger Access to education, Millennium Development Goals – Eight international development goals established in 2000 by the Millennium summit at the United Nations Effort to achieve these goals across globe by 2015

United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality rate 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Findings http://millenniumassessment.org/en/SlidePresentations.html

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005) 2005 report synthesizing 1000 scientists analysis of state of the earths ecosystems Report concludes that human activity has a large and escalating impact world ecosystems Ecosystem life support system and ecosystem services are in serious decline and at risk to non-linear change (tipping points) Unless addressed will substantially effect human well being and all life http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/index.aspx

Provisioning Services Ecosystem Services Life and humankind depend on resources and processes that are supplied by ecosystems and are grouped into 4 broad categories: Regulating Services Supporting Services Provisioning Services Cultural Services MEA 2005

Constituents of Human Well Being Consequences of ecosystem change effect human well-being; 4 broad categories: Security Basic Material for Good life Health Good Social Relations Freedom of Choice and Actions- opportunity to be and to achieve what an individual values doing and being MEA 2005

MEA 2005

MEA 2005

Indirect Drivers of Change Direct Drivers of Change MA Framework Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and action Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization, trade, market and policy framework) Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework) Science and Technology Cultural and Religious Direct Drivers Indirect Ecosystem Services Human Well-being Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Technology adaptation and use External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)

Unprecedented change in structure and function of ecosystems More land was converted to cropland in the 30 years after 1950 than in the 150 years between 1700 and 1850. Cultivated Systems in 2000 cover 25% of Earth’s terrestrial surface (Defined as areas where at least 30% of the landscape is in croplands, shifting cultivation, confined livestock production, or freshwater aquaculture)

Changes to ecosystems have provided substantial benefits Food production has more than doubled since 1960 Food production per capita has grown Food price has fallen Over the past 40 years, globally, intensification of cultivated systems has been the primary source (almost 80%) of increased output. But some countries, predominantly found in Sub-Saharan Africa, have had persistently low levels of productivity, and continue to rely on expansion of cultivated area. in sub-Saharan Africa, however, yield increases accounted for only 34% of growth in production

Unprecedented change: Ecosystems most water use (70% worldwide) is for agriculture. Gulf of Mexico nutrient runoff commons.wikimedia.org  

Unprecedented Ecosystem Change (MEA 2005) Amount of water in reservoirs quadrupled since 1960 Withdrawals from rivers and lakes doubled since 1960 Intercepted Continental Runoff: 3-6 times as much water in reservoirs as in natural rivers Three Gorges dam China www.industrytap.com 

Unprecedented Ecosystem Change (MEA 2005) 20% of the world’s coral reefs were lost and 20% degraded in the last several decades savethecorals.wordpress.com 

Significant and largely irreversible Biodiversity Loss Threatened with extinction: 30% amphibians, 12% birds, 23% Mammals, 3% plants. 6th extinctions –on order of mass extinctions

Ecosystem Services Changes Provisioning service increases Crop production Livestock Aquaculture Provisioning decrease Capture fisheries Genetic resources Biochemicals/medicine Fresh water Regulating and cultural services -reductions Air quality regulation Climate regulation local Erosion pollination

Degradation of ecosystem services is a significant barrier to achievement of MDGs Many of the regions facing the greatest challenges in achieving the 2015 targets coincide with regions facing the greatest problems of ecosystem degradation Although socioeconomic factors will play a primary role in achieving many of the MDGs, targets are unlikely to be met without improvement in ecosystem management for goals such as: Poverty Reduction Hunger All four MA scenarios project progress but at rates far slower than needed to attain the MDG target. The improvements are slowest in the regions in which the problems are greatest: South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa Child mortality Three of the MA scenarios project reductions in child undernourishment of between 10% and 60% but undernourishment increases by 10% in one. Disease Progress toward this Goal is achieved in three scenarios, but in one scenario the health and social conditions for the North and South further diverge, exacerbating health problems in many low-income regions Environmental Sustainability including access to water Bullet not included for poverty because previous slides dealt with this. Not included for environmental sustainability since by definition this cannot be achieved while most ecosystem services are being degraded.

Last 60 years – the Great acceleration - 24 Indicators: Cars, Telephones, human population, CO2, NO2, Methane, Ozone depletion, Rainforest loss, fisheries overexploitation, natural disasters, Biodiversity loss….Anthropocene is thought to start at beginning of industrial revolution (1780 begins) 1820 -1840.

Anthropocene Epoch Epoch- Formal time boundary often marked upheavals in Earth history through fossil record Scale of human driven environmental change Mega cities Chemical and biological effects Rates of biological extinctions 100 – 1000x equivalent to earths 6th extinction Beginning with the industrial revolution within Epoch of Holocene

Anthropocene Epoch NASA

Planetary Boundaries – Rockstrom et al, Science 2009 Stockholm Resilience.org

How do we change course? First a recognition that “Business as usual” projected scenarios are grim planetary boundaries can provide a framework for safe operating zones Unique moment in time with world population, energy and food production, Global health advances and technology Temperature rises 4 °C -Sea level rise of 15 feet, agricultural failure, 100 year storms every 3 years

How do we change course? Change is difficult With most aspects of change a shift of attitude is needed A paradigm shift - One Health agenda Temperature rises 4 °C -Sea level rise of 15 feet, agricultural failure, 100 year storms every 3 years

Paradigm Shift- New paradigm for human endeavors Innovation coupled with the new mindset lead to transformative actions and outcomes Collaboration on a global scale

Sustainable Development Goals linking poverty eradication to protection of Earth’s life support systems Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495: 305-307. (21 March 2013) Sustainable development goals for people and planet Nature  Sustainable development goals for people and planet http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v495/n7441/full/495305a.htmlReference: David Griggs, Mark Stafford-Smith, Owen Gaffney, Johan Rockström, Marcus C. Öhman, Priya Shyamsundar, Will Steffen, Gisbert Glaser, Norichika Kanie, and Ian Noble.(2013) Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature, 495: 305-307. (21 March 2013) news | In the wake of last week’s meetings at the UN on the definition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a group of international scientists have published a call in the journal Nature (21 March 2013) arguing for a set of six SDGs that link poverty eradication to protection of Earth’s life support. The researchers suggest that in the face of increasing pressure on the planet’s ability to support life, adherence to outdated definitions of sustainable development threaten to reverse progress made in developing countries over past decades.

This is our road map and challenge as educators, researchers, and policy makers Planetary stability must be integrated with United Nations targets to fight poverty and secure human well-being, argue David Griggs and colleagues. From Nature 2 1 M A R C H 2 0 1 3 | VO L 4 9 5 | N AT U R E | 3 0 5 Griggs et al. Griggs et al 2013: Nature 495; 305-307

Millennium Sustainability Goals Grigg et al -Integrate into Millennium Development goals for human health Paradigm shift for all governments across developed and undeveloped world Road map for educators and OH practitioners: Healthy and productive ecosystems Environmental literacy

TELI -A Step Forward Together Educate the educators- knowledge gaps in environmental health are vast Work with and inform global leaders Breakdown social barriers to sharing information and changing practices Learn from successes – MDG, share experiences

TELI -A Step Forward Together Take the next step forward- Begin to realize the extraordinary potential of interdisciplinary collaboration in Global One Health

Thanks to Tufts One Health Community Gretchen Kaufman Antje Danielson Joann Lindenmeyer Mark Pokras Mike McGuill Helen Amuguni Flo Tseng Elena Nauvoma Bryan Windmiller MCM Students Master’s in Conservation Medicine Program Tufts Institute for the Environment Fletcher School –Center for International Environmental Research and Policy (CIERP) Tufts Programs in Public Health Freidman School of Nutrition Dept. of Infectious Disease and Global Health USAID RESPOND project- capacity building