CHEMICAL BONDS – Covalent Chapter 6

6.2 BONDING – journal Take out your Bonding Basics Worksheet and Homework. On the worksheet, draw a Lewis Dot Structure for each of the elements named for each example.

6.2 BONDING – journal 2 Show all of the steps needed to bond Sodium and Bromine. Show all of the steps needed to bond Magnesium and Fluorine. What is the full definition of an ionic bond? Why do elements bond? Answer the question for Figure 10 on page 166 of your book.

Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number of valence electrons. 6.2 BONDING Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number of valence electrons.

6.2 BONDING Therefore, chemical bonding and reactivity depend on an element’s electron configuration.

6.2 BONDING STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: Which group does this describe?

What do elements with UNSTABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS do? 6.2 BONDING What do elements with UNSTABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS do?

6.2 BONDING They BOND COVALENT BONDING

Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in their highest energy levels 6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in their highest energy levels

What type of element is Hydrogen? 6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING What type of element is Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS What element is this?

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How many electrons are shared in each picture?

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS Two = A PAIR This is called a SINGLE COVALENT BOND

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS Each atom shares AN EQUAL number of electrons to fill its outer shell

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS This is how you DRAW a SINGLE COVALENT BOND

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS A single line means each atom shared one electron each to get full.

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen? BREAK FOR THE BONDING BASICS SHEET

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How would you DRAW the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS What kind of bond would 2 oxygen atoms form? COVALENT

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How many electrons does each atom need? TWO

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How many TOTAL electrons are shared? FOUR

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How would you draw this? This is a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. 2 pairs shared

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS What kind of bond would 2 nitrogen atoms form? COVALENT

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How many electrons does each atom need? Three

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How many total electrons are shared? Six (three pairs)

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How would you draw this? This is a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 3 pairs shared

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS Sometimes electrons are NOT SHARED EQUALLY

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS This is called a POLAR COVALENT MOLECULE

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS The molecule has a negative side and positive side

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS The molecule has a negative side and positive side

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS Whenever electrons are SHARED, the thing that is formed is called a MOLECULE.

6.2 BONDING COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron SHARING between NONMETALS How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE?

How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE? 6.2 BONDING How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE? H2 O2 CH4 F2 N2

HOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE? BONDING HOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE? H2O Dihydrogen oxide CO2 Carbon dioxide CaCO3 Calcium carbonate HCl Hydrogen Chloride HNO3 Hydrogen nitrate

Building Covalent Molecules Number of shared electrons Name of bond Shown in a structural formula by what symbol? Shown in a model by how many of what item? 2 SINGLE ----- ONE STICK 4 DOUBLE === TWO SPRINGS 6 TRIPLE THREE SPRINGS

Building Covalent Molecules Element Color Lewis Dot Number of covalent bonds needed to get a full outer shell = number of holes C BLACK 4 H YELLOW 1 O RED 2 S SILVER 2 N BLUE 3

Building Covalent Molecules Suppose you need to make three covalent bonds to get a full outer shell. What are three ways of covalent bonding involving combinations of single, double, and triple bonds that you could use?

Building Covalent Molecules When you build a good model what happens to the holes in the atomic models? THEY ARE FULL

H2S NH3 water oxygen nitrogen methane propane butane ammonia CO2 H2O Molecule’s name What is used for or where is it found? Chemical Formula Structural formula water F: Atmosphere Crust Living Things Uses: Respiration Photosynthesis H2O oxygen Atmosphere Crust Living things Uses: Rocket Boosters And Fuel respiration photosynthesis Cryo-Storage O2 nitrogen Atmosphere Living Organisms Plant food gunpowder rocket fuel ammonia N2 methane Earths Crust deep in the ocean Heating cooking Car fuel CH4 propane Earths Crust Fuel power grills C3H8 butane Fossil Fuel Cooking fuel lighters aerosol spray C4H10 rotten egg gas Product of decaying Uses: Law enforcement , Small amounts used in certain novelty items H2S ammonia Sea water salt marshes Uses: Fertilizer cleaner explosives chemical warfare (mustard gas) NH3 carbon dioxide Atmosphere Uses: Photosynthesis Propellant Paintball Airsoft CO2