Unification of Italy

Italian Unification Italy in the early 19 th century was a divided country. Italy in the early 19 th century was a divided country. Much of it was dominated by Austria. Much of it was dominated by Austria. Italian nationalism was reawakened by the armies of Napoleon. Italian nationalism was reawakened by the armies of Napoleon.

Obstacles to Unification Tiny city-states Tiny city-states Petty rulers reluctant to give up power Petty rulers reluctant to give up power Austria controlled northern Italy Austria controlled northern Italy Pope did not want to give up control over Papal States Pope did not want to give up control over Papal States Economic difficulties Economic difficulties French opposition – France did not want a strong neighbor in Italy. French opposition – France did not want a strong neighbor in Italy.

Goals of Nationalism Risorgimento: Risorgimento: resurrection or rebirth Unification Unification Democracy Democracy

Leadership Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini The “SOUL” of Italian UnificationThe “SOUL” of Italian Unification Inspired nationalism through writings and speechesInspired nationalism through writings and speeches Young ItalyYoung Italy

Leadership Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi The “SWORD” of Italian unification Organized an army called the Red Shirts, which carried out a successful rebellion to unite Italy

Leadership Camillo Cavour Camillo Cavour The “brains” of unificationThe “brains” of unification Used economic reforms to lead Italy to its goal!Used economic reforms to lead Italy to its goal! REAL POLITIKREAL POLITIK

Leadership Victor Emmanuel II Victor Emmanuel II King of Piedmont Sardinia and the focal point for unityKing of Piedmont Sardinia and the focal point for unity “Not the most beautiful structure in Rome, the Victor Emmanuel monument has been given nicknames such as 'typewriter' and 'wedding cake'.” “Not the most beautiful structure in Rome, the Victor Emmanuel monument has been given nicknames such as 'typewriter' and 'wedding cake'.”

Methods 1859 Austro-Sardinia War : Sardinia got control of Lombardy 1859 Austro-Sardinia War : Sardinia got control of Lombardy Parma, Modena and Tuscany revolted and joined Sardinia. Parma, Modena and Tuscany revolted and joined Sardinia. Garibaldi took the Kingdom of the two Sicilies from France and turned them over to Sardinia. Garibaldi took the Kingdom of the two Sicilies from France and turned them over to Sardinia Austro-Prussian War: Italy sided with Prussia and was awarded Venetia 1866 Austro-Prussian War: Italy sided with Prussia and was awarded Venetia 1870 Franco-Prussian War: Napoleon III of France had to withdraw troops from the Papal States to defend France. Italy took the Papal States Franco-Prussian War: Napoleon III of France had to withdraw troops from the Papal States to defend France. Italy took the Papal States.

What kind of State evolved? A constitutional monarchy after Great Britain’s A constitutional monarchy after Great Britain’s Cultural and economic gulf between north and southCultural and economic gulf between north and south Regional loyalties remained strongRegional loyalties remained strong Failures of centralized state responsible for the growth of fascism in the 1920s.Failures of centralized state responsible for the growth of fascism in the 1920s.