ITGD3101Modern Telecommunications Lecture7- Second-Generations Mobile Systems week 7- S1/ Dr. Anwar Mousa University of Palestine Faculty of Information Technology

Today, we are going to talk about: Second-Generations Mobile Systems

1.INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION 2.SECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS  GSM-Overview  General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)  Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) OUTLINE

GENERATION MOBILE SYSTEM 1G: (AMPS), (NMT), and (TACS). 1G: (AMPS), (NMT), and (TACS). 2G : GSM, iDEN,D-AMPS 2G : GSM, iDEN,D-AMPSiDEND-AMPSiDEND-AMPS 2.5G : GPRS, WiDEN 2.5G : GPRS, WiDENWiDEN 2.75G: EDGE (EGPRS) 2.75G: EDGE (EGPRS) 3G : W-CDMA, UMTS, CDMA2000 3G : W-CDMA, UMTS, CDMA2000CDMA G : HSDPA 3.5G : HSDPA 3.75G : HSUPA, HSOPA 3.75G : HSUPA, HSOPA [WI-MAX (HIPERMAN), WI-FI (HIPERLAN)] [WI-MAX (HIPERMAN), WI-FI (HIPERLAN)] 3GPP UMTS LTE, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), WiBro 3GPP UMTS LTE, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), WiBro 1. MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION

 Almost all were analog systems  voice was considered to be the main traffic. Year Mobile System 1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) American Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 1985 Total Access Communication System (TACS) 1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900 MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION FIRST GENERATION

1. Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMPS)  Made available in USA in 1983  40MHz of spectrum was allocated from the 800MHz band  Offered 832 channels, with a data rate of 10 kbps  7-cell reuse factor for SIR 18db 2. Total Access Communications System (TACS)  Was introduced in Europe with 1000 channels and a data rate of 8 kbps  AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an FDMA system MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION FIRST GENERATION

In Europe: In Europe:  GSM  Cordless Telephone (CT2)  Personal Access Communications Systems (PACS)  Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT)  Digital AMPS (D-AMPS-TDMA)  Personal Digital Communication (PDC).  General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)  Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION SECOND GENERATION

in USA: in USA:  (TDMA) based standard (IS-136)  (CDMA) based standard (IS-95)  GSM derivative, Personal Communication Services (PCS) MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION SECOND GENERATION

Improved transmission quality Improved transmission quality Higher system capacity Higher system capacity Better system coverage Better system coverage More services: fax, short message, and data transmissions More services: fax, short message, and data transmissions Security: authentication and encryption Security: authentication and encryption Better spectral efficiency Better spectral efficiency MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION ADVANTAGES OF 2-G OVER 1-G

Basically a linear enhancement of 2G systems. Basically a linear enhancement of 2G systems. Based on two parallel backbone infrastructures: Based on two parallel backbone infrastructures: 1. Circuit switched nodes, 2. Packet oriented nodes. MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION THIRD GENERATION

This process of standard harmonization produced three modes of operation: This process of standard harmonization produced three modes of operation:  CDMA-DS (CDMA - Direct Sequence) based on UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)  CDMA-MC (CDMA - Multi Carrier) based on CDMA2000  CDMA-TDD (CDMA - Time Division Duplex) based on UMTS TDD MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION THIRD GENERATION

In general, A NEW GENERATION is defined by the result of technology changes over a 10–15 year time frame. In general, A NEW GENERATION is defined by the result of technology changes over a 10–15 year time frame. Thus, 4G refers to whatever is deployed in the 2010–2015 period, Thus, 4G refers to whatever is deployed in the 2010–2015 period,  assuming 3G deployment spans the 2000–2009 period. MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION FOURTH GENERATION

Typically, a new standard means a new air-interface with Typically, a new standard means a new air-interface with  higher data rates in the least,  change in the way data transport is handled end-to-end. The infrastructure and the terminals will have almost all the standards from 2G to 3G implemented. The infrastructure and the terminals will have almost all the standards from 2G to 3G implemented. The infrastructure will however only be packet based, all- IP. The infrastructure will however only be packet based, all- IP. MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION FOURTH GENERATION

The system will also serve as an Open Platform where The system will also serve as an Open Platform where  New innovations can go with it Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G systems are Some of the standards which pave the way for 4G systems are  WiMax, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access  WiBro, The Koreans alternative to 3.5G or 4G cellular systems  3GPP LTE 3G Partnership Project Long Term Evolution release 8 of the UMTS work-in-progress technologies such as HSOPA. (HSDPA, HSUPA) release 8 of the UMTS work-in-progress technologies such as HSOPA. (HSDPA, HSUPA) MOBILE SYSTEMS EVOLUTION FOURTH GENERATION

OUTLINE 1. Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-Overview 2. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 3. Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 2. SECOND GENERATION SYSTEMS

Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-Overview Global System for Mobile com. (GSM)-Overview Phase 1 of the standardization of GSM900 Was completed by (ETSI) in 1990 and included all necessary definitions for the GSM network operations. Several tele-services have been defined  data transmission up to 9.6 kbps  but only some very basic supplementary services were offered.

(GSM)-Overview (GSM)-Overview Phase 2 GSM standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995) to incorporate a large variety of supplementary services that were comparable to ISDN Phase 2+ ETSI decided to further enhance GSM in GSM Phase 2+ to introduced important 3G features such as: Customized application for mobile enhanced logic (CAMEL), VHI intelligent network (IN) services –CAMEL enables worldwide access to operator-specific IN applications such as prepaid, call screening, and supervision.

(GSM)-Overview (GSM)-Overview Enhanced speech compression/decompression (CODEC) High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD) –HSCSD offers data rates up to 115 kbits/s. It uses multiple time slots (up to eight time slots) of GSM time division multiple access structure. General packet radio service (GPRS) Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE).

GSM network architecture

General packet radio service (GPRS) Additional Nodes General packet radio service (GPRS) Additional Nodes GSM network requires two new network elements for GPRS: SGSN and GGSN 1. The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) performs security functions mobility management and access control. resides at the same hierarchical level as a visited MSC (VMSC)/VLR

General packet radio service (GPRS) Additional Nodes General packet radio service (GPRS) Additional Nodes 2.The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) used for inter-working with external packet-switched networks. has functions comparable to a gateway MSC (GMSC). performs comparable functions such as routing and mobility management.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Architecture

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description GPRS is a radio technology for GSM networks that adds packet-switching protocols. Packet switching is a technique whereby the information (voice or data) to be sent is broken up into packets,  of at most a few Kbytes each  are routed by the network between different destinations  based on addressing data within each packet.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description Use of network resources is optimized  As the resources are needed only during the handling of each packet.  The possibility to charge by the amount of data sent, rather than connection time.  Packets from different users get transmitted concurrently and instead of having a dedicated connection it is a virtual connection.  Thus enables better utilization of radio resources

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont… General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont… Circuit switched requires the dedication of a radio channel to a mobile data user for a fixed period of time  resulting in the loss of valuable bandwidth. GPRS radio channel reservation and allocation is done flexible from 1 to 8 radio interface timeslots per TDMA frame

GSM Carriers and TDMA Frames

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont… General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) General Description cont…  timeslots are shared by all the active users.  timeslots are shared dynamically between data and speech services according to: operator's preference base station load.  Up and downlink are allocated separately.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Coding Schemes General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Coding Schemes 4 Coding Schemes (CS1, CS2,CS3,and CS4) exist for GPRS:  CS1 provides connectivity under "all conditions" and delivers a user throughput of up to 9.05 kbits/s,  CS2 delivers a user throughput of up to 13.4 kbits/s  CS3 delivers a user throughput of up to 15.6 kbits/s  While CS4 requires excellent radio signal (Carrier to Interference ration of 27 dB) and delivers a user throughput of up to 21.4 kbits/s.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Advantages General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Advantages GPRS allows the efficient use of scarce radio resources among a larger number of users Full inter-working with the existing Internet, any service available on the fixed Internet today can be supported by GPRS Allow a reduction in peak time signalling channel loading by sending short messages over GPRS channels instead

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Advantages cont… General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Advantages cont… Strict separation between the radio subsystem and network subsystem is maintained.  Allowing the network subsystem to be reused with other radio access technologies. Minimal overhead of deploying it in a pre-existing GSM network  GPRS does not mandate changes to an installed MSC base.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitations General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitations Radio resources are simultaneously shared with voice calls thus reducing the cell capacity However, GPRS is capable of dynamically managing channel allocation To reach the maximal transmission data rate a single user must utilize all eight slots, unrealistic in a practical GPRS installation The actual data rate is much lower.

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitations, cont… General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) limitations, cont… GPRS suffers from severe transit delays as:  GPRS packets are sent in different directions to reach the same destination.  This opens up the potential for one or some of those packets to be lost or corrupted

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution General characteristics  Allows GSM operators to use existing GSM radio bands to offer wireless multimedia IP-based services and applications.  EDGE lets operators function without a 3G license and compete with 3G networks offering similar data services.  Theoretical maximum speeds of more than 470 kbps with a bit-rate of 59.2 kbps per timeslot in good radio conditions.  EDGE uses (8-PSK), rather than normal GSM (GMSK).

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Deployment Scenario GPRS backbone SGSN GGSN BG Public Internet Backbone router server router SGSN Edge GPRS backbone GGSN BG SGSN WCDMA Inter- operator GPRS

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Channel coding schemes (in addition to GPRS) EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Channel coding schemes (in addition to GPRS) Scheme SchemeModulation Peak Rate per slot (kbps) Code Rate Code Rate MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9 GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 8-PSK

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution General characteristics cont…  Relatively painless implementation:  Requires relatively small changes to network hardware and software as it uses the same TDMA frame structure, logic channel 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks.  Just one EDGE transceiver unit to be added to each cell with the base stations receiving remote software upgrades.

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution General characteristics cont…  EDGE requires higher radio signal quality than GSM network before higher data throughput can be reached.  This means more base stations and infrastructure build-out for established GSM operators that wish to migrate to EDGE.

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EDGE benefits  Faster connection  Greater data volumes achieved  greater network capacity  Can interoperate with GSM networks for global coverage

EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Transmission Rate per time-slot

// EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution System parameters  Modulation: GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) & 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying)  8 PSK modulation automatically adapts to local radio conditions, offering the fastest transfer rates near the base stations in good conditions.  Multiple Access : Combination of TDMA & FDMA  Transmit Frequency bands  Downlink Reverse ch MHz  uplink Forward ch MHz

// EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution System parameters cont…  Duplex seperation 45 MHz  RF carrier spacing 200 kHz  Number of TDMA slots on each carrier 8  Channel allocation 1 to 8 time slots per TDMA  One time slot (Physical channel) ms  Frame Interval: ms  Asymmetric data traffic different time slots for Uplink and downlink  Connectivity: Packet switched data networks such as IP and X.25  Added nodes Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)  Channel coding schemes :  CS-1 through CS-4, MCS1-MCS9

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