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Characteristics of Living Things 1.Reproduction 2.Has Cells 3.Grow and Develop 4.Acquire Energy and Materials 5.Have DNA 6.Respond to their Environment 7.Maintain stable internal Environment 8.As a group, Change over Time

Cell Theory All know living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things All cells come from pre- existing cells CC llll iiii pppp 2

Robert Hooke-1665 One of the first people to see cells. He saw cork Cells. First to use the word cells- named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery. 3

English scientist Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17th century and used it to conduct pioneering research. He discovered the cell structure of plants by observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope. 4

Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells 5

Schleiden, Matthias 1839 Concluded that all Plant cells are made up of cells 6

Cell Elemental Composition Cells are 90% water. Of the remaining molecules present, the dry weight is approximately: 50% protein 15% carbohydrate 15% nucleic acid 10% lipid 10% miscellaneous Total approximate composition by element: 60% H 25% O 12% C 5% N 7

Two basic Types of Cells 8

Prokaryotic Cells DO HAVE Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA DO NOT HAVE Organelles Nucleus Are all singled celled organisms. Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came first. They still carry out all of life’s functions! 9

Eukaryotic Cells Have organelles. Can be singled- celled organisms or multicellular organisms….. Like US! 10

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Basic Cell Structure Cells come in many different shapes and sizes.Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living thingsLike bricks in a building, cells make up all living things Clip 12

Basic Cell Structure Basic Cell Structure The Cell Membrane The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 13

Membrane Structure There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. They also help to get messages into the cell. 14

Proteins in Membrane 15

The Membrane is a lipid bilayer. 16

Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane. 17

Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria.Cell walls can also be found in fungi and bacteria. The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells.The cell wall provides support and protection for these cells. In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose.In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 18

Inside of the cell The Cytoplasm The cytoplasm contains all of the organelles. 19

Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive. The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. Each organelle has its own job! Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 21

What an organelle? Organelle mean “tiny organ.” Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 22

Nucleus-The Control Center The Brain Contains the DNA DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! Where ribosomes are made 24

The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it. The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus. The DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus. 25

Ribosomes Not technically an organelles.Not technically an organelles. Nickname: “protein maker”Nickname: “protein maker” Place where proteins are made.Place where proteins are made. They help put the amino acids together to make proteins.They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. Made of the nucleic Acid-RNAMade of the nucleic Acid-RNA websitewebsitewebsite 27

Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport. Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. 29

Two types of ER Smooth –No attached ribosomes Rough –Attached ribosomes 30

ER branches off from the nuclear membrane. 31

Golgi Apparatus Nickname: “UPS” Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Website 33

Golgi w/vacuoles Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported. 35

Lysosomes Nickname “Recycling Center” Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. 36

Vacuoles Storage and transport containers. Plants usually have one large one Animals generally have many small ones. 37

A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small. Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts. 38

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Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants. 40

Cytoskeleton Gives cells their shape. homeostasisContain proteins: microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and movement in cytoplasm. Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, and the movement of cilia and flagella. Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape. By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasis. 41

Microtubules and Microfilaments 42

Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Michondrion 43

Mitochondria Nickname: “Powerhouse” Site of ATP production ATP is the universal energy molecule Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. Website 44

Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole 45

Animal Cell Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrian Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Organelles of the Cell Clip

Animal Cell and Plant Cell Clip

Levels of Organization Cells make up tissues. Tissues make up Organs. Organs make up organ systems. 48

How do molecules get into and out of a cell? 49

Diffusion Movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration Always higher to lower! No energy input required! 50

Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane 51

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Transport through the membrane Two types –Facilitated Diffusion Energy input NOT requiredEnergy input NOT required –Active Transport Energy input requiredEnergy input required 53

Facilitated Diffusion Protein Energy is NOT required to move substances across the membrane. 54

High Concentration Low Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Glucose molecules Protein channel Facilitated Diffusion 55

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Active Transport Energy is required.Energy is required. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule.Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Low to highLow to high Energy is required.Energy is required. Need ATP- the universal energy molecule.Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. Low to highLow to high 56

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Other ways to get molecules into and out of a cell Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. WWWW eeee bbbb ssss iiii tttt eeee 1.E ndocytosis Into xocytosis Out of 58

ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS 59

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Inside of the cell Outside of the cell Exocytosis 62

solutions

–The solution with the higher concentration of solutes is hypertonic. –The solution with the lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic. –These are comparative terms. Tap water is hypertonic compared to distilled water but hypotonic when compared to sea water. –Solutions with equal solute concentrations are isotonic.

3 types of Solutions 63

What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic

Plasmolysis

Microscopes 64

65 Stage Arm Light Source Base Body Tube Stage Clips Nosepiece 10x Objectives 100x Objective Fine Adjustment Coarse Adjustment Eyepiece Diaphragm 40X objective Stage

This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke in the late 1600s, and was one of the most elegant microscopes built during the period. Hooke illustrated the microscope in his Micrographia, one of the first detailed treatises on microscopy and imaging.

Electron Microscopes use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale Co-invented by Germans, Max Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. 15x to 200,000x

Below are five different images of the same mosquito.

The fossilized shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times its actual size. The ancient creature, called Radiolarian, lived in the waters off Antarctica and is now used to study such things as climate and ocean circulation.