Electronegativity + – 0 0 H Cl H H

The basic units: ionic vs. covalent Ionic compounds form repeating units. Covalent compounds form distinct molecules. Consider adding to NaCl(s) vs. H2O(s): Cl Na Cl H O Na Cl Cl Na Na H O H O NaCl: atoms of Cl and Na can add individually forming a compound with million of atoms. H2O: O and H cannot add individually, instead molecules of H2O form the basic unit.

Holding it together Q: Consider a glass of water. Why do molecules of water stay together? A: there must be attractive forces. Intramolecular forces are much stronger Intramolecular forces occur between atoms Intermolecular forces occur between molecules We do not consider intermolecular forces in ionic bonding because there are no molecules. We will see that the type of intramolecular bond determines the type of intermolecular force.

I’m not stealing, I’m sharing unequally We described ionic bonds as stealing electrons In fact, all bonds share – equally or unequally. Note how bonding electrons spend their time: H2 HCl LiCl H Cl [Li]+ [ Cl ]– H + – 0 + – covalent (non-polar) polar covalent ionic Point: the bonding electrons are shared in each compound, but are not always shared equally. The greek symbol  indicates “partial charge”.

Electronegativity Recall that electronegativity is “a number that describes the relative ability of an atom, when bonded, to attract electrons”. The periodic table has electronegativity values. We can determine the nature of a bond based on EN (electronegativity difference). EN = higher EN – lower EN NBr3: EN = 3.0 – 2.8 = 0.2 (for all 3 bonds). Basically: a EN below 0.5 = covalent, 0.5 - 1.7 = polar covalent, above 1.7 = ionic Determine the EN and bond type for these: HCl, CrO, Br2, H2O, CH4, KCl

Electronegativity Answers HCl: 3.0 – 2.1 = 0.9 polar covalent CrO: 3.5 – 1.6 = 1.9 ionic Br2: 2.8 – 2.8 = 0 covalent H2O: 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 polar covalent CH4: 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 covalent KCl: 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 ionic

Electronegativity & physical properties CaCl2 would have a lower melting/boiling point: CaCl2 = 3.0 – 1.0 = 2.0 CaF2 = 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 Electronegativity can help to explain properties of compounds like those in the lab. Note: other factors such as atomic size within molecules also affects melting and boiling points. EN is an important factor but not the only factor. It is most useful when comparing atoms and molecules of similar size. + – Lets look at HCl: partial charges keep molecules together. + – LiBr would have a lower melting/boiling point: KCl = 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 LiBr = 2.8 – 1.0 = 1.8 + – + – The situation is similar in NaCl, but the attraction is even greater (EN = 2.1 vs. 0.9 for HCl). – + – + H2S would have a lower melting/boiling point: H2O= 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 H2S = 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Which would have a higher melting/boiling point? NaCl because of its greater EN. For each, pick the one with the lower boiling point a) CaCl2, CaF2 b) KCl, LiBr c) H2O, H2S

CaCl2 would have a lower melting/boiling point: CaF2 = 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 Note: other factors such as atomic size within molecules also affects melting and boiling points. EN is an important factor but not the only factor. It is most useful when comparing atoms and molecules of similar size. LiBr would have a lower melting/boiling point: KCl = 3.0 – 0.8 = 2.2 LiBr = 2.8 – 1.0 = 1.8 H2S would have a lower melting/boiling point: H2O= 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 H2S = 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4

Why oil and water don’t mix Lets take a look at why oil and water don’t mix (oil is non-polar, water is polar) + – + – The partial charges on water attract, pushing the oil (with no partial charge) out of the way. + –

Chemical Symbols of Common Elements Prepare a chart in your notes …

Z Name Symbol *Latin *Mnemonic 1 Hydrogen H 2 Helium He Element Latin name Copper Cuprum Gold Aurum Iron Ferrum Lead Plumbum Mercury Hydrargyrum Potassium Kalium Silver Argentum Sodium Natrium Tin Stannum Complete for elements:1-20, 26, 28-30, 35, 47, 50, 53, 79, 80, 82, 92 Use the chart on left to complete the two last columns (only listed elements will have anything for these columns).

Mnemonics Mnemonics are ways to help you remember Used by A students and experts They are often rhymes or visual connections E.g. “Thirty days has September, April, June and November, all the rest have 31” Or using your knuckles to remember months Iron (Fe) … Iron  strong  opposite is feeble  Fe A bad mnemonic for Cu is a copper cup (any metal can be made into a cup) A good mnemonic is a cup full of pennies It may seem like more to know, but it works

Best Mnemonics Sodium (Na) Salt?  Bad for BP  (Na, don’t want it) North Atlantic salt water Potassium (K) Potatoes covered in ketchup Koala (or kangaroo) eating bananas Putting Special K into rolling paper

Best Mnemonics Iron (Fe) Ironing with Feet French for iron is Fer Iron = strong = giant = Fe-Fi-Fo-Fum Copper (Cu) Cu (see you) at copperfields Cop drinking out of a cup A cup filled with pennies

Best Mnemonics Silver (Ag) Almost gold Aging = grey hair = silver Tin (Sn) “Tin is Sin” Gold (Au) Always united (wedding ring) Gold = shiny = aura leaves changing gold colour = Autumn

For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com Best Mnemonics Mercury (Hg) thermometer = hug to stay warm Huge globe (Hg), Hot gas, High gravity Lead (Pb) Peanut butter coming out of a pencil Pellets and buckshot Plumber uses lead pipes For more lessons, visit www.chalkbored.com