Post WW II – Nationalism - Having pride Unit 18 Post WW II – Nationalism - Having pride in one’s nation, ethnicity, culture, etc.

Nationalism in Southeast Asia Unit 18 – Post WW II - Nationalism Essential Questions Nationalism in Africa Post WW II Nationalism Nationalism in India Map Timeline Nationalism in Southeast Asia

Got independence from European countries, “gradually” 1940’s – 1970’s Africa Got independence from European countries, “gradually” 1940’s – 1970’s India A British colony – got independence in 1947 Was “partitioned” (split-up) because Hindus and Muslims could not get along French Indo-China French colony Vietnam War Communism

Timeline of Post WW II - Nationalism 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 1945: WW II ended 1994: “Apartheid” ended in South Africa 1947: India got independence Was “partitioned” into India and Pakistan 1971: “East Pakistan” became Bangladesh African colonies “gradually” got independence India/Pakistan border disputes began French fought for Vietnam U.S. involvement in Vietnam Ethnic Rivalries in Africa

1. New nations were based on old tribal boundaries. Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800s? 1. New nations were based on old tribal boundaries. 2. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded. 3. The continent was divided equally among the colonial powers. 4. African unity was encouraged.

On the same page as timeline Case Study – Nationalism in Turkey Kemal Ataturk: Nationalist leader of modern Turkey – overthrew the Sultan (Ottoman Empire) following WWI

How he changed Turkey: Replaced Islamic traditions with “western” style customs Laws Calendar Clothes Women received more rights Began western style industrialization

Stop and Think! Partner A: Where was Kemal Ataturk from? Partner B: What did he do?

Which action is most closely associated with Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal)? 1) Using Western practices to modernize Turkey 2) Beginning the Zionist movement 3) Starting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 4) Enforcing Islamic law

Stop and Think! Partner A: What happened to the continent of Africa during the 1800s? Partner B: Who did it and why did it happen?

III. Nationalism in Africa Pre-World War II: Africa was divided up into European colonies

World War II: European colonies grew tired of fighting wars Post-World War II: Colonies not wanting to fight – Europeans decided to allow their colonies independence

Stop and Think! Partner A: What impact did war have on colonists? Partner B: What happened to colonies after WWII?

Important Independence Movements: Ghana: In general – got independence peacefully Led by Kwame Nkrumah

Important Independence Movements: Kenya: A lot of violence was used to get independence Led by Jomo Kenyatta

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who led the independence movement in Ghana? Partner B: Who led the independence movement in Kenya? Partner A: How did these independent movements differ?

One similarity in the leadership of Simon Bolivar and Jomo Kenyatta is that both leaders Promoted European control over the Americas Became religious leaders of their countries Controlled large areas of land in the Americas Fought for independence from European control

Stop and Think! Partner A: What happened to South Africa during the imperialism unit? Partner B: How may this situation cause racism?

Apartheid Took place in the nation of South Africa History Took place in the nation of South Africa 1948 – white minority controlled the black majority through a government policy called “apartheid” (separation of the races) 42

Stop and Think! Partner A: What is apartheid? Partner B: How is this similar to the U.S. Jim Crow Laws?

ANC African National Congress created to oppose apartheid led peaceful protests led by Nelson Mandela

Leaders Nelson Mandela early leader of the ANC jailed because of his ANC work elected president of South Africa Who does Mandela remind you of in U.S. history? 45

Stop and Think! Partner A: What was the African National Congress? Partner B: Who is Nelson Mandela? Partner A: Who may Nelson Mandela remind you of in U.S. history?

The South African government’s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called Pan-Africanism apartheid (3) democratization (4) suffrage

Leaders Bishop Desmond Tutu organized international pressure against South Africa trade embargoes banned from Olympics

Leaders F.W. DeKlerk white president that legalized the ANC his reforms led to the end of apartheid

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who is Desmond Tutu? Partner B: Who is F.W. DeKlerk?

After Independence: Gradualism – the policy of allowing colonies their independence gradually – only after proving they were ready to govern themselves British Commonwealth An economic alliance Between Great Britain and it former colonies

Ethnic Rivalries: hatred and violence between different tribal groups Nigeria: Over 200 tribes Very unstable government since independence Rwanda: Tribal conflicts have led to acts of genocide Hutus vs. Tutsi Sudan: recent acts of genocide have taken place in the Darfur region

Stop and Think! Partner A: What happened to India during the imperialism unit? Partner B: What did the Indians do to resist (What was that conflict called)? Amritsar Massacre

IV. Nationalism in India Colonial History: It had been a British colony Sepoys had tried to get rid of the British → failed (Sepoy Mutiny)

Attempts at Nationalism: Indian National Congress: organization created by Hindus – to get independence Muslim League: organization created by Muslims – to get independence and their own Muslim nation

Stop and Think! Partner A: What is the Indian National Congress? Partner B: What is the Muslim League?

Important Leaders: Mohandas Gandhi: used peaceful methods to get India’s independence “Passive Resistance”: peaceful protesting (boycotts, marches, sit-ins) “Salt March” “Civil Disobedience”: breaking the law on purpose to get attention for your cause

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who is Mohandas Gandhi? Partner B: What is passive resistance? Partner A: What is civil disobedience? Partner B: Who may Gandhi remind you of?

Mohandas Gandhi’s protests in India were a response to Great Britain’s Support of Zionism Practice of humanitarianism Introduction of socialism Policy of colonialism

Mohandas Gandhi is most closely associated with 1) Support of violence and terrorism to end British rule 2) Desire to strengthen the caste system 3) Use of civil disobedience to gain political freedom 4) Establishment of a national religion in India

One way in which Simon Bolivar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each Led a nationalist movement Used nonviolent tactics Supported imperialism Opposed communism

Mohandas Gandhi’s protests during India’s independence movement were often successful because of his application of (1) an appeasement policy (2) civil disobedience (3) traditional caste beliefs (4) divide-and-conquer principles

Important Leaders: Jawaharlal Nehru: first Prime Minister of India

Independence: 1947: British gave India independence Partition: India was split; reason →Hindus and Muslims could not get along India became Hindu Pakistan became Muslim West Pakistan East Bangladesh India (Hindu)

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who is Nehru? Partner B: What happened to India after they gained independence? Partner A: Indian became ________ Partner B: Pakistan became ________

Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims in India led to the Sepoy Mutiny Salt March Policy of nonalignment Partitioning of the subcontinent

At the end of WWII, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the nations of India and Pakistan. What was the primary reason for this division? 1) India had adopted a policy of nonalignment 2) Religious differences led to conflicts between the Hindus and the Muslims 3) Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south 4) British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry

Recent Issues: Non-Alignment: did not choose a side during the cold war Kashmir and Punjab: areas near the India/Pakistan border that they often fight over Pakistan: India’s #1 enemy Very strong Muslim nation Recently had a good relationship with the U.S. (support for our anti-terrorism activities)

Stop and Think! Partner A: Give one current Indian issue Partner B: Give another Partner A: Give another

V. Nationalism in Southeast Asia Vietnam: As a French Colony: Was a part of “French Indo-China” Fought against the French for independence and won India Myanmar (Burma) Cambodia Vietnam

Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: “Nationalist” leader – led Vietnam against the French Dien bein phu: big battle in the French War (1954) French lost

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who controlled Vietnam prior to their independence? Partner B: Who leads the independence movement for Vietnam?

U.S. Involvement: Came in on the South’s side To stop the spread of communism

Domino Theory: U.S. believed that if one nation (Vietnam) fell to communism, other nearby nations would also fall

Stop and Think! Partner A: What was U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam? Partner B: How is Vietnam related to the Cold War?

Viet Cong: (V.C., “Charlie”) communists that lived in South Vietnam but fought secretly for North Vietnam

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who were the Vietcong? Partner B: Why did this group cause a problem for American forces?

Results: U.S. pulled out of the war North took over the South One communist nation today

Cambodia: Khmer Rouge: name of the communist party in Cambodia Pol Pot: Brutal dictator and leader of the Khmer Rouge Killed millions of Cambodians (attempt to eliminate “western” influences) India Myanmar (Burma) Cambodia Vietnam

Pol Pot – Do Not Write All foreigners were expelled, embassies closed, and any foreign economic or medical assistance was refused. The use of foreign languages was banned. Newspapers and television stations were shut down, radios and bicycles confiscated, and mail and telephone usage curtailed. Money was forbidden. All businesses were shuttered, religion banned, education halted, health care eliminated, and parental authority revoked. Thus Cambodia was sealed off from the outside world.

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who is Pol Pot? Partner B: What is the Khmer Rouge? Partner B: What made Pol Pot and brutal dictator?

Myanmar: Colonial History: an old British colony (Burma) After independence → a military government took over (dictatorship) India Myanmar (Burma) Cambodia Vietnam

Myanmar: Aung San Suu Kyi: Led the opposition group against the military dictatorship Elected president – the government didn’t allow the results and she was arrested

Stop and Think! Partner A: Who took over Myanmar when they gained their independence? Partner B: Who is Aung San Suu Kyi?