DO NOW: STUDY Fluctuating Relations QUIZ TODAY! I hope you are ready…..15 questions of PAIN!!!!!!!

 Since the Truman Doctrine US policy toward communism was containment  After 1949 US policy was based on the Domino Theory – idea that when one country fell to communist, bordering countries would soon follow  Eisenhower supported anti-communist governments in SE Asia – especially in Vietnam…Kennedy would support this as well

 Pacific Islands ringing the Asian mainland including Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

 Before WWII Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) had been part of the French empire  During the war, the region had been taken over by Japan but, after 1945, the French were keen to return and regain their SE Asian colonies  PROBLEM = strong opposition from the Viet Minh, communist nationalist movement wanting independence  Led by communist Ho Chi Minh, the Viet Minh had liberated much of the country from Japanese occupation before 1945, and at end of the war they announced formation of Democratic republic of Vietnam

 Initially, US wanted countries to be independent & allied to US  1946 fighting broke out between French and Viet Minh…lead to long guerilla war, first with French and then with the US  As Cold War grew national communism movements were growing in popularity in region  By 1950 the US began sending military aid to the French in the hope of defeating the Viet Minh

 Find a PRIMARY SOURCE (Must be a document) from the Vietnam War and conduct an OPVL  Create a Vietnam Political Cartoon ◦ Include the following ◦ TITLE ◦ 3 MESSAGES WITHIN CARTOON ◦ 2 SENTENCE DESCRIPTION OF BOTTOM OF PAGE OR ON BACK OF PAPER  DUE AT THE END OF CLASS!!!

Time to Re – Loop Kahoot Review!!!!!!! Use your REAL NAME – Will count for a grade!

Where is Vietnam?

 Basically to hold the line against the spread of world Communism. America paid for the war the French fought against Communist Vietnam as a part of the Truman Doctrine (1947) “to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against … totalitarian regimes.” In the 1950’s, America became involved again.

 US defends it’s support and aid to the French and then getting involved entirely in Vietnam by stressing possibility of the Domino Theory  Soviet Union – China – Korea - Vietnam

 The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, provided for the temporary partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with national elections in 1956 to reunify the country.  In the North, a communist regime, supported by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, set up its headquarters in Hanoi under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.

 The United States prevented the elections that were promised under the Geneva conference because it knew that the Communists would win. ◦ Secretary of State John Foster Dulles thought the Geneva Accords granted too much power to the Communist Party of Vietnam. –He and President Dwight D. Eisenhower supported the creation of a counter- revolutionary alternative south of the 17th parallel. This was accomplished through formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).This was accomplished through formation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

 Using SEATO for political cover, the Eisenhower administration helped create a new nation in southern Vietnam.  In 1955, with the help of massive amounts of American military, political, and economic aid, the government of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) was born.  The following year, Ngo Dinh Diem, a staunchly anti-Communist figure from the South, won a dubious election that made him president of South Vietnam

 Diem claimed that his newly created government was under attack from Communists in the north.  In late 1957, with American military aid, Diem began to counterattack. ◦ He used the help of the CIA (through Operation Phoenix) to identify those who sought to bring his government down and arrested thousands. ◦ He passed a repressive series of acts known as Law 10/59 that made it legal to hold suspected Communists in jail without bringing formal charges.

 Ho Chi Minh formed a new guerrilla army including some south Vietnamese called the Vietcong  US sent military advisors to train S Vietnam  But the Vietcong were too powerful

 Diem with urging from the US established strategic hamlets  Basically containment camps to keep S. Vietnamese in and safe; and from helping the Vietcong

 Corrupt administration ~ Very unpopular ~ Discriminated against Buddhism one of the most popular religions in Vietnam  9 people were killed by Diem’s police during religious protests  Vietnamese Generals assassinated Diem with the support off the US

 However unpopular Diem had been, he was the unifying force of South Vietnam  Was also a strong political leader  Without Diem South Vietnam collapses  US must get more involved

 Didn't want a bigger war, but had to be strong against Communism  Gulf of Tonkin  Johnson claims US destroyers were fired upon by N. Vietnamese boats unprovoked  Johnson fails to mention that the US ships had been spying on the Vietcong

 The Johnson administration used the August 4 attack to obtain a Congressional resolution, now known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, that gave the president broad war powers.  The Resolution was followed by limited reprisal air attacks against North Vietnam.

PamphletDigital Storytelling ◦ Cover – Political Cartoon of US Involvement in Vietnam – Title / 3 Messages / 1 sentence description of cartoon ◦ Page 1 – 1 Primary Source (must be written) ~ include a quote from the source ~ O P V L ◦ Page 2 – Describe events leading to the Vietnam War & why US got involved ~ (Outline, summary, timeline) ◦ Back Page – As a citizen living during this time period write why you are in favor or against the war in Vietnam…Include at least 3 reasons to justify your response  om/strip/create om/strip/create  net.au/storyboard net.au/storyboard

 What countries make up Indochina?  Who controlled Indochina before WWII? During WWII? Who wanted it after WWII?  Describe the results of the Geneva Peace Accords?

 Icebreaker ~ Kahoot Review of early Vietnam Years

 In early 1965, the NLF (National Liberation Front) attacked two U.S. army installations in South Vietnam, and as a result, Johnson ordered sustained bombing missions over North Vietnam.  The bombing missions, known as “Operation Rolling Thunder,” caused the Communist Party to reassess its own war strategy

 The North Vietnamese used classic Maoist guerrilla tactics. “Guerrillas must move through the peasants like fish through sea,” i.e., the peasants will support them as much as they can with shelter, food, weapons, storage, intelligence, recruits.

 The United States countered with “Search and Destroy” tactics. In areas where the NLF were thought to be operating, troops went in and checked for weapons. If they found them, they rounded up the villagers and burned the villages down. they rounded up the villagers and burned the villages down. This often alienated the peasants from the American/South Vietnamese cause.This often alienated the peasants from the American/South Vietnamese cause. –As one marine said – “If they weren’t Vietcong before we got there, they sure as hell were by the time we left”. –The NLF often helped the villager’s re-build their homes and bury their dead.

 After “Operation Rolling Thunder,” the Communist Party moved to a protracted war strategy: the idea was to get the United States bogged down in a war that it could not win militarily and create unfavorable conditions for political victory.

 By 1968, things had gone from bad to worse for the Johnson administration. In late January, North Vietnam and the NLF launched coordinated attacks against major southern cities.  These attacks, known as the Tet Offensive, were designed to force the Johnson administration to the bargaining table.

 In late March 1968, a disgraced Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek the Democratic Party's re-nomination for president and hinted that he would go to the bargaining table with the Communists to end the war.  Negotiations began in the spring of 1968, but the Democratic Party could not rescue the presidency from Republican challenger Richard Nixon who claimed he had a secret plan to end the war.

 Nixon's secret plan involved a process called “Vietnamization.” This strategy brought American troops home while increasing the air war over North Vietnam and relying more on the South Vietnamese army for ground attacks.

 The Nixon years also saw the expansion of the war into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, violating the international rights of these countries in secret campaigns, as the White House tried desperately to rout out Communist sanctuaries and supply routes.

 In December 1972, the Nixon administration unleashed a series of deadly bombing raids against targets in North Vietnam’s largest cities, Hanoi and Haiphong.  These attacks, now known as the Christmas bombings, brought immediate condemnation from the international community and forced the Nixon administration to reconsider its tactics and negotiation strategy.

 In early January 1973, the Nixon White House convinced Saigon that they would not abandon the South Vietnamese army if they signed the peace accord.  On January 23, therefore, the final draft was initialed, ending open hostilities between the United States and North Vietnam.  The Paris Peace Agreement did not end the conflict in Vietnam, however, as Saigon continued to battle Communist forces.

 From March 1973 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the South Vietnamese army tried desperately to save the South from political and military collapse.  The end finally came when North Vietnamese tanks rolled south along National Highway One.  On the morning of April 30, Communist forces captured the presidential palace in Saigon, ending the Vietnam War.

 Describe the goal of Operation Rolling Thunder:  What was Nixon’s goal of Vietnamization?  Describe the result and outcome of the Vietnam War:

 Create a book/pamphlet with the following information ◦ Cover – Political Cartoon of US Involvement in Vietnam – Title / 3 Messages / 1 sentence description of cartoon ◦ Page 1 – 1 Primary Source (must be written) ~ include a quote from the source ~ O P V L ◦ Page 2 – Describe events leading to the Vietnam War & why US got involved ~ (Outline, summary, timeline) ◦ Back Page  Paragraph 1 ~ Describe the Vietnam War in a paragraph from the time period after the Gulf of Tonkin to Richard Nixon’s plan for Vietnamization  Paragraph 2 ~ Describe the results and how the Vietnam war ended