Air Pollution Challenges in Southeast Asia Glynda Bathan Deputy Executive Director Clean Air Asia 2 nd ASEAN Chief Justices Roundtable Discussion 8 December 2012

Air pollution in Asia risks getting worse again WHO annual guideline NO2 – 40 µg/m3 WHO interim target 1 PM10 – 70 µg/m3 WHO annual guideline PM10 – 20 µg/m3 WHO daily guideline SO2 – 20 µg/m3

Global Burden of Disease 2000 Mortality attributable to leading risk factors Ezzati et al. 2002; WHO 2002 Outdoor Air Pollution ranked 13th

Poor air quality: 7 of 10 cities in developing Asia < >150 WHO Interim Target 1 70 µg/m3 WHO Air Quality Guideline 20 µg/m3 PM10 annual average concentrations µg/m3

Particulate matter or “PM” is harmful

6 Asthma, impaired lung function, cardiovascular illness and deaths

Many sources of PM in Asia

Motorization rates are increasing Motorization in Asia (2010) Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

Vehicle Ownership Source: Data from the World Bank and Clean Air Asia

2-wheelers are in the majority… Vehicle Types (2010) Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

…but trucks generate most CO 2 emissions Road Transport CO 2 Emissions by Vehicle Type (2010) Source: Accessing Asia, Clean Air Asia 2012

Asia remains dependent on diesel BAN64% IND77% INO52% LAO91% MAL31% NEP85% PAK85% PHI65% PRC58% SIN57% SRI69% THA74% VIE31% ASIA BAN IND INO LAO MAL NEP PAK PHI PRC SIN SRI THA VIE 64% 77% 91% 85% 69% 74% 85%65%58% 57% 52% *Note: share of fuel consumption of diesel was estimated based on vehicle population by fuel type Source: Clean Air Asia estimates, % 62% Estimated share of diesel in road transport fuel consumption (2010)

14 Exposure zone within 300 to 500 meters from a highway or a major road is most highly affected by traffic emissions -Health Effects Institute -Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. 2010

The Traffic Impact Area in Delhi 55% of the population within 500 meters of a freeway; 50 meters of a major road (Health Effects Institute analysis)

The Traffic Impact Area in Beijing HEI Analysis: 76% of the Population within 500 meters of a Freeway; 50 meters of a Major Road (Health Effects Institute analysis)

More people moving to cities 120,000 people a day 44 million people added to Asian cities every year 1.1 billion People added to Asian cities in the next 30 years ADB

Vehicles are key to Solving the PM 2.5 Problem ●Vehicles contribute 22-34% of PM2.5 in megacities, but percentage is growing ●Actual impacts much higher when considering secondary pollution ●Roadside exposure much higher in dense urban areas 18 Micheal Walsh, 2012

PM 2.5 Annual Standards 2012 Note: China’s new PM 2.5 annual standard (35 µg/m 3 ) is for national implementation in implementation of new standard: for Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, PRD, municipalities and provincial capital cities AQG (10 µg/m 3 ) IT-3 (15 µg/m 3 ) IT-2 (25 µg/m 3 ) IT-1 (35 µg/m 3 ) Above 35 µg/m 3 ) No annual PM 2.5 standard No information Clean Air Asia 2012

Asia goals 2016: monitoring and data ●Air quality monitoring systems and report data publicly ●Air pollution and GHG indicators for transport and energy

Asia goals: policies ●City Clean Air Plans and reports ●“Avoid-Shift-Improve” policies for transport ●Maintain or improve share of non-motorized and public transport ●Effective programs for in-use vehicles ●National green freight programs ●Demonstration of clean truck technologies

Low emissions urban development Ho Chi Minh City 2010

Low emissions urban development Ho Chi Minh City 2030 BAU

Low emissions urban development Ho Chi Minh City 2030 Low Emissions

Ahmedabad Colombo Ho Chi Minh BaselineBAU 2030 Low Emissions 2030 Transport CO2: 38%, PM 60% Electricity CO2 61%, PM 45% Transport CO2: 15%, PM 32% Electricity CO2 30%, PM 68% Transport CO2: 33%, PM 30% Electricity CO2 40%, PM 38%

China. India. Indonesia. Nepal. Pakistan. Philippines. Sri Lanka. Vietnam Unit 3505 Robinsons-Equitable Tower ADB Avenue, Pasig City Metro Manila 1605 Philippines Clean Air Asia Center 901A Reignwood Building, No. 8 YongAnDongLi Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing China Clean Air Asia China Office 1st Floor, Building No. 4 Thyagraj Nagar Market, Lodhi Colony New Delhi India Clean Air Asia India Office Clean Air Asia Country Networks 26 Clean Air Asia Center Members 236 Clean Air Asia Partnership Members Cities Environment ministries and government agencies Development agencies and foundations Non-government organizations Academic and research institutions Private sector companies and associations Clean Air Asia Donors in 2012 Asian Development Bank Cities Development Initiative for Asia ClimateWorks Foundation DHL/IKEA/UPS Energy Foundation Fredskorpset Norway Fu Tak Iam Foundation German International Cooperation (GIZ) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Transport Policy Studies Institute for Transportation and Development Policy International Union for Conservation of Nature L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) MAHA Pilipinas Shell Rockefeller Brothers Fund Shakti Foundation Shell Foundation United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) USAID CEnergy Veolia World Bank More information: