7/14/06ISP A1 The Scientific Revolution

7/14/06ISP A2 The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

7/14/06ISP A3 Background to the Revolution 1.Renaissance Humanists had mastered Greek and Latin 2.Technical problems, dealing with weights and measures stimulated scientific activity 3.printing press spread new ideas quickly People become curious about their world thanks to the Renaissance, Reformation and Exploration.

7/14/06ISP A4 A Revolution in Astronomy New discoveries overturned ancient concepts about the universe

7/14/06ISP A5 The solar system Sun Planets Asteroids Comets Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Sun

7/14/06ISP A6 Historical figures in the Copernican Revolution Ptolemy – the geocentric model. Copernicus – heliocentric model. Galileo – his observations by telescope verified the heliocentric model. Kepler – laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits). Newton – Laws of motion. Universal laws of gravity.

7/14/06ISP A7 Ptolemaic system Geocentric – Earth centered theory.

7/14/06ISP A8 Nicolaus Copernicus The Earth moves, in two ways. It rotates on an axis It revolves around the sun

7/14/06ISP A9 HELL HEAVEN

7/14/06ISP A10 The Copernican Model

7/14/06ISP A11 Galileo Galilei

7/14/06ISP A12 Galileo’s discoveries in Astronomy Galileo didn’t invent it Built it better 1 st to look at the heavenly bodies with it 1.Craters and mountains on the moon 2.Four moons of Jupiter 3.Phases of Venus 4.The Milky Way consists of innumerable stars. 5.Sunspots move across the sun’s face. All of these favored the Heliocentric model.

7/14/06ISP A13 Galileo’s sketch of the moon as seen from his telescope A photograph of the moon

7/14/06ISP A14 Galileo made many specific discoveries through his observations. The general implications… ● The planets are objects like the Earth – ● The planets travel around the sun. ● The Universe is a lot bigger than we can see These ideas could be dangerous.

7/14/06ISP A15 His Church decided that the heliocentric model was a heresy. But Galileo continued to argue in favor of the theory, and published his reasoning. The Inquisition in Rome accused him of heresy, and required him to answer. Found guilty of “suspicion of heresy,” Galileo recanted publicly. [A story, probably not true, is that he muttered “Eppur si muove” – “And yet, it does move.”] He was put under arrest and sentenced to prison. But because of his fame and age (70 years old at that time) he was allowed to serve under house arrest in Florence, for the remaining years of his life. The Trial of Galileo

7/14/06ISP A16 Is there a conflict between Science and Religion? There is no major conflict today, but there have been conflicts in the past, e.g. the trial of Galileo. Another example is the conflict between Darwin’s theory of evolution and the literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis (  ).  This latter conflict survives today in the controversy about teaching Creationism in public schools. Pope John Paul II ordered a review of the trial of Galileo. Did the Inquisition make mistakes? (  ).  (Speaking of Galileo’s judges in 1992) “This subjective error of judgment, so clear to us today, led them to a disciplinary measure from which Galileo had much to suffer. These mistakes must be frankly recognized, as you, Holy Father, have requested.”

7/14/06ISP A17 Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) Three empirical laws of planetary motion in the heliocentric solar system 1. Each planet moves on an elliptical orbit. 2. Confirmed the sun was the center of universe.

7/14/06ISP A18 Kepler’s elliptical orbits

7/14/06ISP A19 Isaac Newton Newton and the Apple Newton asked good questions  the key to his success (The apple never fell on his head, but sometimes a stupid person will say that, trying to be funny.)

7/14/06ISP A20 To explain the motion of the planets, Newton developed three ideas: 1.The laws of motion 2.Universal law of gravitation 1.Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. 3.Calculus, a new branch of mathematics Newton solved the premier scientific problem of his time --- to explain the motion of the planets. Isaac Newton “If I have been able to see farther than others it is because I stood on the shoulders of giants.” --- Newton’s letter to Robert Hooke m F a  2 21 r mGm F 

7/14/0621 What is the procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence called? Hint: Think Breakfast meat Who created it? Scientific method

7/14/06ISP A22 Francis Bacon