New Knowledge of Human Beings and Society (Palmer text, section 30) AP European History Androstic

Natural Right/Natural Law

Natural Law  Structure of the world on what is right/wrong  Right is natural  Not determined by man/written laws  Universal  Discovered by reason  Secular in nature

“Law of Nations” Hugo Grotius, Law of War and Peace, 1625 Samuel Pufendorf, Law of Nature and of Nations, 1672

Hobbes vs. Locke Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,

Hobbes vs. Locke Wrote Leviathan, published 1651 Wrote Two Treatises of Government, published 1689

Thomas Hobbes  supported royal absolutism  people were naturally wicked and evil  state of nature = “war of all against all”  strong ruler needed to maintain order  social contract -  social contract - people give up some freedom to government that provides law and order  gov’t may not be altered/replaced

John Locke  agreed with Hobbes that government was necessary  agreed with Hobbes that people enter into a social contract

John Locke  supported constitutional government  believed people will act reasonably in the state of nature  individuals set up gov’t to enforce rights for all  social contract conditional (people be reasonable, gov’t protect natural rights)  gov’t made be altered or replaced

Which of these philosophers is correct? About human nature? About the ability to govern? About the proper style of government? About the ability to overthrow of government?

It’s time to learn a new skill!

PERSIA How can this strategy be used in AP European History?

PERSIA  PERSIA is a strategy of thinking about a civilization/society. The acronym PERSIA stands for:  Political  Economic  Religious  Social  Intellectual  Arts

Do these characteristics remain a way to describe a civilization? Does it work for your society? Take five minutes to consider/describe our society in terms of PERSIA.

How can PERSIA be useful to you?  When completing an FRQ (Free Response Question) or a DBQ (Document-Based Question), thinking of these societal conditions can help you make connections necessary in your analysis.

Example FRQs that could use PERSIA:  Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century. (Test 2)  How and to what extent did the Commercial Revolution transform the European economy and diplomatic balance of power in the period from ? (Test 3)  Compare and contrast the triumph of constitutionalism in England and Holland with the triumph of absolutism in France. (Test 4)

How can PERSIA be useful to you?  In multiple-choice questions, you can use PERSIA to eliminate choices (if the question deals with a political characteristic, eliminate choices that deal with economics/religion).  Two examples from past AP Exams follow…