States or Countries, Nations, Stateless Nations, and Nation-States

State State – a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government. To be a state, an entity must be recognized as such by other states. Exceptions: Colonies and Protectorates

The State A state provides services for its citizens. It demands taxes It demands adherence to the laws. It demands military service Periods of adversity can increase a sense of nationalism-but can backfire A state is possible only if a national attitude or emotional attachment to the state develops.

Nations Nation – a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals. People construct nations to make sense of themselves. Nations are “imagined communities” -Benedict Anderson imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation community = you see yourself as part of it

Stateless Nations Sovereignty-complete control over a territory’s political & military affairs. Some nations do not have their own state-this can lead to conflict. Palestinians are the most well known example-a stateless nation in conflict with Israel over territory. Kurds-about 20 million people live in Kurdistan-which covers 6 states-since the 1991 Iraq War-Kurdish Security Zone has been virtually independent.

Multinational State – A state with more than one nation. Slobadan Milosevic, leader of Serbia launched 4 Balkan Wars that killed 250,000 & left 2.5 million homeless The Former Yugoslavia

Multistate Nation – A nation with more than one state. Transylvania – homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians.

Defining the Nation-State A Nation should have –A single language –A common history –A similar ethnic background –Unity from a common political system. Cultural homogeneity not as important as “national spirit” or emotional commitment to the state. A Nation-State has: –Clearly delineated territory –Substantial population –Well-organized government –Shared political and cultural history –Emotional ties to institutions or political systems or an ideology.

European Boundary Changes Fig. 8-13: Twentieth-century boundary changes in Europe, 1914 to Germany’s boundaries changed after each world war and the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Defining the Nation-State The Four Pillars of Nationalism; –A population that considers itself a nation –A substantial and well- defined territory –A well-developed organization –A measure of economic, political and military power.

Origins and Diffusion of the Modern State

Nation-State Earliest rulers “regnum” ruled over a group of followers-not fixed territories. Medieval concept of the Nation-State began with the Roman Catholic Church-that created “dominium” rule over a defined territory. Merovingian Kings 5 th -8 th cent. Called themselves “Kings of the Franks”, later Capetian Dynasty 10 th - 14 th cent. Called themselves “Kings of France”. Rise of the modern nation-state saw the development of distinctive territory.

Rise of the Modern State European Model of the state diffused from Ancient Greece & Rome. Middle Ages-fragmentation, on mainland, Dynastic rule & strong leaders led to greater national cohesion, Norman invasion ended the fragmentation of England. Muslim invasion repelled. New technology-horseshoe, stirrup, horse collar, wheel barrow & wind mill introduced.

Rise of the Modern State Renaissance-political nationalism & economic nationalism in the form of mercantilism developed- concept of diplomacy developed in Italy. Mercantilism-states should acquire wealth through- colonization, plunder, protection of home industries & markets, a favorable balance of trade.

Rise of the Modern State Reformation-brought a religious split Roman Catholic versus Protestant- led to a series of wars. Monarchies benefited from the Church’s loss of political power. Age of Absolutism- emerged with Louis XIV of France as a prime example. Monarchies became the focal point of national awareness-ended regionalism and aristocratic local control

Rise of the Modern State Powerful dynasties- Habsburgs, Bourbons, Tudors & Stuarts struggled for power. Thirty Years’ War began as a religious struggle-but ended as state & dynastic struggle for control of Europe. Peace of Westphalia 1648 ended the war-created defined boundaries & guarantees of security- Modern Europe emerged.

The states we perceive as “natural” and “always existing” are relatively recent phenomena. In 1648, Europe was divided into dozens of small territories.

Rise of the Modern State The French Revolution of 1789 was the first major political upheaval in Europe. It was followed by the Napoleonic Wars that spread the Enlightenment ideas of equality and the French concept of nationalism and 1848 another wave of revolutions swept over Europe

European Colonialism & the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model Colonialism - a physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own. Two Waves of European Colonialism:

Dominant Colonial Influences, This map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.

Geographic Characteristics of States

States vary greatly in……… Size-some huge like Russia 6.6 m. sq. miles, others large with 3 m. sq. miles like US, China, Brazil, Canada-some are microstates-Vatican, Monaco, Andorra, Grenada. Shape-some are compact while other are elongated or fragmented. Demography-some have huge populations like China’s 1.3 billion or tiny like Iceland with 250,000. Organization-monarchy, democratic, dictatorship, theocratic. Resources-natural and skilled population Development-subsistence to tertiary Power-both economic and military

Territory Morphology Territorial Morphology- shape, size & relative location of a state. Compact-distance from the geographic center does not vary greatly. Fragmented-consisting of 2 or more separate pieces divided by water or other territory. Elongated-long & thin states.

Prorupted-states that are nearly compact, but have a narrow extension. Perforated-having another state lie within ones territory. Exclave-an outlier of a state located within another. Enclave-the counterpart of exclave-it lies within a country and is independent or ruled by another country.

India: The Tin Bigha Corridor Fig. 8-7: The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

Landlocked Countries Landlocked states have a serious disadvantage in trade and access to resources. Africa has more landlocked states than any other continent. Sahel is poorly linked to the coastal ports; Uganda linked by rail; Zimbabwe access via South African and Mozambique ports; Rwanda & Burundi the world’s most isolated states; Zambia & Malawi have poor connections. Asia-Mongolia & Nepal are landlocked with rough terrain, great distances and limited communication, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia & Georgia. South America-Bolivia and Paraguay-lost coastline in war Europe-Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Moldova, Belarus and Bosnia

Landlocked States

Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated. AfricanStates

Land Boundaries Not just a line, but also a vertical plane that cuts through subsoil, rocks and the airspace above- coal, gas & oil reserves often cross these lines. Belgium, Germany & Netherlands argued over coal seams & natural gas reserves. Kuwait Oil drilling prompted the 1991 Gulf War (Rumaylah Reserve)

Land Boundaries 3 Stage Evolution of Boundaries: definition-a document is created that indicates exact landmarks; delimitation- cartographers place the boundary on the map; demarcation-boundary markers such as steel posts or concrete pillars, fences or wall marks the boundary

Types of Boundaries Geometric-straight line boundary such as US- Canada or many in Africa. Physical or Natural- Political Boundary-river, crest of a mountain range or some other physical landmark Cultural or Anthro- Geographic Boundary- breaks in the human landscape, such as most of Europe’s boundaries

Aozou Strip: A Geometric Boundary Fig. 8-9: The straight boundary between Libya and Chad was drawn by European powers, and the strip is the subject of controversy between the two countries.

Left-the Demilitarized Zone between North Korea & South Korea is heavily defended by both sides Bottom left-the US-Canadian border is the longest undefended border in the world. Bottom right-the Rio Grande forms the border between Mexico and the United States which is porous enough to allow million of illegal immigrants.

Genetic Boundary Classification Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer developed this classification system; Antecedent Boundary-physical landscape defined the boundary well before human habitation-Malaysia- Indonesian boundary on Borneo is sparsely settled. Subsequent Boundary-Vietnam-China border results from a long period of modification. Superimposed-forcibly drawn boundary that cuts across a unified cultural boundary-New Guinea-Indonesia West Irian & Papua New Guinea in the East. Relict boundary no longer serves its purpose, but the imprint is still evident in the landscape-Vietnam-North South boundary, West and East Germany boundary, especially in Berlin.