MARTHA ROGERS Science of Unitary Human Being SHIRLEY ECKES BSN, RN, CCRN MARIA PEREZ BSN, RNC-OB Martha e. rogers: a short biography. (n.d.). Retrieved from societyofrogerianscholars.org

WHY THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL - SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS (SUHB)? Rogers felt “there had to be a body of knowledge that was specific to and unique to nursing” (Rogers, 1978a). Her aim was to develop “a conceptual system that would give identity to nursing as a knowledgeable endeavor” (Rogers, 1978b). Rogers, M. E. (Speaker). (1978a, December). Application of theory in education and service [Audiotape]. Paper presented at the Second Annual Nurse Educator Conference, New York. Rogers, M. E. (Speaker). (1978b, December). Nursing science: a science of unitary man [Audiotape]. Paper presented at the Second Annual Nurse Educator Conference, New York.

KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING WHILE SUHB WAS BEING DEVELOPED During the 1970’s, the decade Rogers introduced the theory of SUHB, major nurse theorists were coming together at nursing theory conferences, groups were growing, organizations were formed, and conferences were developed around the work of a particular theorist. Fawcett, 2003, p. 45) Fawcett, J. (2003). The nurse theorists: 21st century updates - martha e. rogers. Nursing Science Quarterly , 16 (1), 44-51.

A NEW WORLDVIEW IS REQUIRED Totality Worldview Person is a holistic being with - biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components. Person and environment influence each other. Health is “well-being or wholeness that results from the human- environment interaction” (Fulton & Lyon, 2010, p. 30). Simultaneity Worldview Moves away from a particulate view of man (Peterson, 2009, p. 12) Whole means unitary, one cannot be understood by looking at the parts, and humans cannot be separated from the universe (Wright, 2007, p. 64). Health is a social construct , “thus it has no inherent value in itself” (Fulton & Lyon, 2010, p. 30). Peterson, S. J., & Bredow, T. S. (2009). Middle range theories. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Wright, B. W. (2007). The evolution of rogers’ science of unitary human beings: 21st century reflections. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 64-67. Fulton, J.S., & Lyon, B.L. (2010). Foundations of clinical nurse specialist practice. New York: Springer.

HOW SIMULTANEITY UNDERPINS THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF SUHB cell therapy to field Theory entropic to negentropic universe 3-dimension to pandimensional person-environment as dichotomous to person-environment as integral causation and adaptation to mutual process dynamic equilibrium to innovative growing diversity homeostasis to homeodynamics waking as a basic state to waking as an evolutionary emergent closed to open-systems (Malinski, 2001, p.). Malinski, V. M. (2001). Martha E. Rogers science of unitary human beings. In Parker, M. (Ed), Nursing theories and nursing practice (193-226). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

5 ASSUMPTIONS /THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS SUPPORTING ROGERS MODEL “Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics more than and different form the sum of his parts. Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another (openness). The life process evolves irreversible and unidirectionally along the space-time (helicy). Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness (pattern and organization). Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation, and emotion (sentient, thinking being)” . (Tomey. 1998,. p. 211) Tomey. A. M., Alligood, M. R., (1998). Martha E. Rogers Unitary Human Beings. In Bultemeier, K., Gunther, M., Daily, J. S., Maupin, J. S., Murray, C. A., Satterly, M. C., Schnell, D. L., Wallace, T. L. (Eds.), Nursing Theorists And Their Work (207 - 226). St. Louise: Mosby.

FOUR FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATES “The Science of Unitary Human beings is rooted in a 4 dimensional, negentropic, non-causal, open system model in which human and environment fields are irreducible and integral with one another." Martha Rogers (Rogers, 1989) These postulates are: 1. Energy Fields 2. Openness 3. Pattern 4. Pandimensionality (Fawcett, 2003) Rogers, M. F. (1989). Rogerian foundations questions for dr. martha e. rogers. Rogerian Nursing Science News, 1(3), 6. Fawcett, J. (2003). The nurse theorists: 21st century updates - martha e. rogers. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16(1), 44-51.

POSTULATES DEFINED 1. Energy Fields - living and non-living dynamic, infinite and continuously moving 2. Openness - open universe, no boundaries other than perpetual ones 3. Pattern - changing continuously while giving identity to each unique human-environmental field 4. Pan dimensionality - non-linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes, non-linear, transcends the traditional notions of time and space (Parker, M. E., & Smith, 2010)

THREE PRINCIPALS OF SUHB CONCEPTAL MODEL HOMEODYNAMICS - term Rogers chose to convey a dynamic, ever changing life and world (Malinski, 2001). Principal’s of HOMEODYNAMICS: 1. RESONANCY - constant fluctuations in frequency and patterns in human and environmental fields 2. HELICY - unpredictable and increasing diversity in field patterns describing the nature of change 3. INTEGRALITY - changing environmental and human fields where person and environment are inseparable (Fawcett, 2003). Malinski, V. M. (2001). Martha E. Rogers science of unitary human beings. In M. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp 193-204). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, p. 197. Fawcett, J. (2003). The nurse theorists: 21st century updates - martha e. rogers. Nursing Science Quarterly , 16 (1), 44-51.

THEORIES IDENTIFIED BY ROGERS Theory of Accelerating Evolution: “the only norm is accelerating change” (p. 197). Theory of the Emergence of Paranormal Phenomena: “experiences commonly labeled ‘paranormal’ are actually manifestations of the changing diversity and innovation of field patterning” (p. 198). Theory of Manifestation of Field Patterning in Unitary Human Beings: evolution is an irreducible, nonlinear process characterized by increasing diversity of field patterning” (p. 198). (Malinski, 2001) Malinski, V. M. (2001). Martha E. Rogers science of unitary human beings. In M. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp 193-204). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.

SUHB A CONCEPTUAL MODEL AS RESEARCH STIMULUS By definition must be capable of generating theory.. Grand Theory Orem 1971 King 1971 Roy 1984 Parse * 1981 Newman* 1986 Helicy Barrett 1990 Resonancy Bultemeier 1993 Integrality Floyd 1983 Middle Range Power-as-Knowing-Participation in Change (Barrett 1990) Theory of Perceived Dissonance (Bultemeier 1993) Theory of Interactive Rhythms (Floyd 1983) * Most prominent of Grand Theories from Rogers Conceptual Model

MIDRANGE ROGERIAN PRACTICE THEORIES Barrett’s Theory of Power as Knowing - Participation in Change “capacity to participate knowingly in the nature of change characterizing the continuous patterning of the human and environmental fields as manifested by awareness, choices, freedom to act intentionally, and involvement in creating change” (Malinski, 2001, p. 199). Bultemeier Theory of Perceived Dissonance “highlights areas of harmony and dissonance in pattern appraisal, then identify possible patterning activities” (Malinski, 2001, p. 199). Floyd’s Theory of Interactive Rhythms Studied in 1983, 1984 Findings “were not directly identified as being potentially significant for nursing practice” (Rogerian Science, 2008). Malinski, V. M. (2001). Martha E. Rogers science of unitary human beings. In Parker, M. (Ed), Nursing theories and nursing practice (193-226). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Society of rogerian scholars. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.societyofrogerianscholars.org/biley_pg12.html

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF SUHB Nonlinear dynamics of quantum physics General System Theory (von Bertalanffy) Theory of Relativity (Einstein) Electrodynamics Theory (Burr and Northrop)

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS Dynamics - deals with change, with systems that evolve in time” (Strogatz, 1994, p. 2). Regardless if the change reaches an equilibrium, repeats, or becomes more complicated it is through analysis of dynamics that we come to know. Strogatz, S. J. (1994). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.

GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY Von Bertalanffy introduced theory in the 1950’s, affecting the development of knowledge in all disciplines. Goal is: to “understand man and his environment as part of interacting systems” (Skyttner, 2005 p. 3). to “study this interaction from multiple perspectives, holistically” (Skyttner, 2005 p. 3). “Inherent to this approach is a comprehensive historical, contemporary and futuristic outlook” (Skyttner, 2005 p. 3). Promotes a culture wherein science, philosophy and religion are not longer separated from each other” (Skyttner, 2005, p. 4). Negentrophy - term to indicate increasing order, complexity, and heterogencity in direct contrast with the common view that the universe was winding down. Rogers modified this thinking “denying hierarchal subsystems, the concept of single causation, and predictability of a system’s behavior through investigation of its parts” (Tomeu, 1998, p. 208). Tomeu. A. M., Alligood, M. R., (1998). Martha E. Rogers Unitary Human Beings. In Bultemeier, K., Gunther, M., Daily, J. S., Maupin, J. S., Murray, C. A., Satterly, M. C., Schnell, D. L., Wallace, T. L. (Eds.), Nursing Theorists And Their Work (207 - 226). St. Louise: Mosby. Skyttner, L. C. (2005). General systems theory: problems, perspectives, practice. Singapore: World Scientific.

ELECTRODYNAMIC THEORY RELATING TO ELECTICAL FIELDS

THEORY OF RELATIVITY Challenged the accepted theory of the time, absolutism (i.e. not relative, dependent, or changeable). The “traditional meanings of homeostasis's, steady state, adaptation, and equilibrium were seriously questioned” (Tomeu, 1998, p. 210). “The closed system, entropic model of the universe was no longer adequate to explain phenomena, and evidence continued to accumulate in support of a universe of open systems” (Tomeu, 1998, p. 210). Tomeu. A. M., Alligood, M. R., (1998). Martha E. Rogers Unitary Human Beings. In Bultemeier, K., Gunther, M., Daily, J. S., Maupin, J. S., Murray, C. A., Satterly, M. C., Schnell, D. L., Wallace, T. L. (Eds.), Nursing Theorists And Their Work (207 - 226). St. Louise: Mosby.

ECONOMY & POLITICAL INFLUENCES The 1970’s continued to see the rapid and radical social changes of the late 1960s. The Vietnam war, economic “stagflation,” energy crisis, Watergate scandal, and the Iranian capture of U.S. hostages dominated national headlines. Women and minorities were demanding and gaining in legal equality. U.S. Supreme court overturned all state laws limiting a women's right to an abortion in the first trimester. First Earth Day spurring environmental activism. Three Mile Island accident leading to antinuclear power demonstrations. (Hospital Health Network, 2007, Eight decades of healthcare http://hhnmag.com/hhnmag/PDFs/2007PDFs/1970stimeline.pdf) Maria, do you have a reference for “Stagflation”?

HEALTH MOVEMENT American Heart Association (AHA) President Mark Berke was among health care leaders predicting the country would have a national health insurance program by the mid-1970s (Hospital Health Network, 2007, Eight decades of healthcare http://hhnmag.com/hhnmag/PDFs/2007PDFs/1970stimeline.pdf) The AHA endorsed a sweeping statement on making communities healthier. It held members accountable for all health care needs in their communities and promoted the role of hospitals in disease prevention, health maintenance and consumer involvement. (Hospital Health Network, 2007, Eight decades of healthcare http://hhnmag.com/hhnmag/PDFs/2007PDFs/1970stimeline.pdf) Nursing survival depends on being able to make a difference in promoting the health of people. Theories to help nurses conceptualize health in a new way to improve human well-being were needed. Nurses should become experts in noninvasive modalities to promote health. Nursing is both a science and art. The uniqueness of nursing, like that of any other science, lies in the phenomenon central to its focus (Rogers). Nurses long established concern with the people and the world they live is in a natural forerunner of an organized abstract system encompassing people and the environments (Rogers). Maria can you list the source for the first 4? Nursing theories a companion to nursing theories - martha rogers science of unitary human beings. (2011, February 21). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/unitary_human_beings.html

SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS Broke free of the social constraints of the previous age through extreme deviation from the norm Swinging sixties had given fall or relaxation of some social taboos relating to sexism and racism Women, minorities and gays gain full legal equality and rights in society Miniproccesor by intel First test tube baby Gillis, C. "1970-1979." (2010) American Cultural History. Lone Star College-Kingwood Library,     Kingwood, TX. Retrieved from http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/decade70.html

EFFECTIVENESS OF ROGERS IN EXPANDING HER BODY OF KNOWLEDGE Her conceptual model is responsible for numerous grand theories, mid range theories, and instruments while continuing to spawn further research. Society of Rogerian Scholars Visions: The Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science She identified many ideas for further research using her conceptual model.

VIDEO INTERVIEW WITH MARTHA ROGERS Part 1 http://youtu.be/V1XN3rPKndE Part 2 http://youtu.be/f6qWm8sGut0

REFERENCE Eight decades of healthcare. (June, 2007). Retrieved from http://hhnmag.com/hhnmag/PDFs/2007PDFs/1970stimeline.pdf Fawcett, J. (2003). The nurse theorists: 21st century updates Martha E. Rogers. Nursing Science Quarterly.16 (1):44-51 Fulton, J.S., & Lyon, B.L. (2010). Foundations of clinical nurse specialist practice. New York: Springer. Gillis, C. "1970-1979." (2010) American Cultural History. Lone Star College-Kingwood Library,     Kingwood, TX. Retrieved from http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/decade70.html Malinski, V. M. (2001). Martha E. Rogers science of unitary human beings. In Parker, M. (Ed), Nursing theories and nursing practice (193-226). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Nursing theories a companion to nursing theories - martha rogers science of unitary human beings. (2011, February 21). Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/unitary_human_beings.html Parker, M. E., & Smith, M. C. (2010). Nursing theory and nursing practices (3rd ed). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. Peterson, S. J., & Bredow, T. S. (2009). Middle range theories. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

REFERENCE Rogers, M. E. (Speaker). (1978a, December). Application of theory in education and service [Audiotape]. Paper presented at the Second Annual Nurse Educator Conference, New York. Rogers, M. E. (Speaker). (1978b, December). Nursing science: a science of unitary man [Audiotape]. Paper presented at the Second Annual Nurse Educator Conference, New York. Rogers, M. F. (1989). Rogerian foundations questions for dr. martha e. rogers. Rogerian Nursing Science News, 1(3), 6. Slide 1 (photo) http://www.societyofrogerianscholars.org/biography_mer.html Society of rogerian scholars. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.societyofrogerianscholars.org/biley_pg12.html Strogatz, S. J. (1994). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. Wright, B. W. (2007). The evolution of rogers’ science of unitary human beings: 21st century reflections. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 64-67. Skyttner, L. C. (2005). General systems theory: problems, perspectives, practice. Singapore: World Scientific. Tomey. A. M., Alligood, M. R., (1998). Martha E. Rogers Unitary Human Beings. In Bultemeier, K., Gunther, M., Daily, J. S., Maupin, J. S., Murray, C. A., Satterly, M. C., Schnell, D. L., Wallace, T. L. (Eds.), Nursing Theorists And Their Work (207 - 226). St. Louise: Mosby. The Science of Unitary Human Beings: Theoretical Basis for Nursing. Howard K. Butcher, Editor. Retrieved July, 2, 2011from http://rogeriannursingscience.wikispaces.com/