State-building, expansion and conflict Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

Features at the Beginning of Period 1 no organized political units, cities, or states largest community of humans were H-G bands, 30-50 people

Key Continuities unequal treatment favored elites rulers/elites often claimed divinity or divine support (Egypt, China) Key Changes codification of laws (Hammurabi, Manu) Dynastic system emerges Core civilizations developed where agriculture flourished: 1st states emerged within core civilizations: replaced city-states, kept power by maintaining strong military, Early empires emerge: Sargon the Great, Hammurabi

Characteristics at the End of Period 2 Empires & Civs: Sumeria, Akkadia, Egypt, Nubia, Olmec, Shang, Zhou, Bantus, Greece, Maurya Reasons for the continuities or changes increase in pop →need to organize, control, & coordinate populations Needed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment. Needed to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations the early civilizations, the inhabitants required large public works projects beyond the scope of private citizens. As a result, governments formed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment. Moreover, governments functioned to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations. Governments also collected taxes from the city dwellers

Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION 1,000 years ago Today Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 2 10,000 years ago Big Era 3

Complex belief systems That translates into: Farmers Herders Cities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

Key Concept 1.3: Core Civilizations The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies.

CORE/FOUNDATIONAL RIVER CIVILIZATIONS

Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America

Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (c Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (c.4000 BCE-2330 BCE)

Egypt in the Nile River Valley (c.3100 BCE-1070 BCE)

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (c Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley (c.3000 BCE-1500 BCE)

Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley (c.1750 BCE-1122 BCE)

Olmecs in Mesoamerica (c.1200 BCE-400 BCE)

Chavín in Andean South America (c.900 BCE-200 BCE)

The first states emerged within core civilizations. Power new states replaced city-states as main political unit. Rulers were viewed as divine. Kept power by maintaining a strong military. Competition between city-states and nomads lead to an increase in conflict!

Examples of early empires. Sargon the Great: Built first empire c. 2340 BCE. Hammurabi: King of Babylon c.1792 BCE *** Towards the end of this period, you have several more fierce empires such as, the Assyrians and Persians c. 6th and 7th Century BCE. *** Why so much conflict in this region (Mesopotamia)?

Read The Assyrian Military Machine p.30 What did Assyrian kings believe was important for military success? Do you think their accounts may be exaggerated? Why?

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRUCTURE Pastoralists (nomadic herders) interact quite often with “urban societies” 2 examples would be through new weapons and modes of transportation. Examples: Iron weapons and chariots What would the effect be on “settled societies”?

Systems of Record Keeping Eventually would branch out to include other forms of “writing”. Examples: - cuneiform – Mesopotamia - hieroglyphs – Egypt - alphabets – Phoenicia - quipu – the Inca

Legal Codes States would eventually use writing to develop legal codes. Often reflected existing hierarchies and helped the government rule over the people.

The Code of Hammurabi Read the Code of Hammurabi excerpt on p. 13 in the Duiker book. What do these points of law from the Code of Hammurabi reveal to you about Mesopotamian society?

With the development of farming and cities, political organization became much more complex. Why?

Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized. They developed bureaucracies, dynasties, and used religion to justify the position of the rulers.

Features at the Beginning of Period 2 Empires & Civilizations: Olmec, Egypt, Zhou, Greece, Bantus, Maurya Assyrians, Persians Competition between city-states and nomadic herders lead to increased conflict

Key Continuities Key Changes rulers often claimed divinity / support military threats from “outsiders” Key Changes # & size of states grew dramatically administrative techniques (bureaucracies, legal systems, diplomacy)

Characteristics at the End of Period 2 Empires: Large, Regional in Size (Byzantium, Gupta, Han, Maya, Nazca, Persia, Rome, Toltec) established administrative bureaucracies, large public works projects, legal codes, currency Reasons for the continuities or changes the early civilizations, the inhabitants required large public works projects beyond the scope of private citizens. As a result, governments formed to organize and oversee the fabrication of roads, irrigation projects, public buildings, etc. and to regulate commerce (through the establishment of laws, courts, and a system of punishment. Moreover, governments functioned to protect citizens from invasions and to organize attacks on rival civilizations. Governments also collected taxes from the city dwellers empires grew beyond their ability to administer tech of the day limited imperial administration, communication, control

Expanding Networks: Empires Empires had formed in Afroeurasia as early as Period 1. Although many claimed vast territories, most did not survive for long. In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great amassed an empire that stretched from Greece to India. Upon his death, however, the empire fragmented. The later centuries of Big Era Four saw the rise of new empires that both dominated huge expanses of land and remained unified for a long time. The Largest of these were the Han and Roman empires.

Large Empires of Afroeurasia 500 BCE - 500 CE Rome Kush Parthian/ Xiongnu Han Kushana Maurya/ Gupta Byzantium Sassanid Axum

How did the classical empires accomplish this? Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large. They had to invent new ways to keep their land together. How did the classical empires accomplish this?

Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected from the military. Later, an empire with focus on military conquest, colonization, and law codes. The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the rule by the whim of the emperor. China: Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of Heaven housed in the Forbidden City. Yellow Turban Revolt

INDIA What causes regionalism? Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the military. The greatest of the Mauryan kings was? Why?

Africa is the anomaly Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based societies and others developed stateless societies which were centralized. decentralized. How do you know?

Post-Classical World 600-1450   Theme Basic Features at Beginning of Period Key Continuities Basic Features at End of Period Reasons for Change or Continuities Key changes State-building, expansion and conflict • Empires: Large, Regional in Size (Maya, Byzantium, Umayyad, Gupta, Tang) • established administrative bureaucracies   • traditional symbols & methods of power & legitimacy (temples, patriarchy) • political diffusion (political ideas from one empire to another) • privilege of elites over lower classes • Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec) • traditional & new administrative techniques • larger empires →cult diffusion • admin methods → larger empires • new methods of managing empires: city- states (E Africa), sultanate (Ottoman, Delhi) • caliphate & caesaropapism combined political & religious authority

People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia. Population Vikings Mongols Germanic Tribes Turkic Groups Chinese Arabs Bantu-Speaking People of Africa People of Oceania People migrated to new places in (and out) of Afroeurasia.

During Period 3, many, many states and empires came… and went. Building states and empires involved cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia.

Empires New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires.

States and Empires in 600 CE Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE

States and Empires in 800 CE Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara-Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE

States and Empires in 1237 CE Scandanavian Kingdoms Russia England Poland H.R.E. Mongol Empire France Spain Hungary Rum Koryo Portugal Almohad Caliphate Sung China Kamakura Japan Ayyubid Caliphate Delhi Sultanate Mali Angkor Ethiopia Oyo Benin Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1237 CE

States and Empires in 1400 CE Union of Kalmar Russian States Scotland England Poland-Lithuania Khanate of the Golden Horde Jagatai Khanate Holy Roman Empire France Hungary Portugal Castile Ottoman Emp. Korea Timurid Empire Ashikaga Japan Granada Ming China Marinids Hafsids Mamluk Sultanate Mali Ethiopia Siam Oyo Benin Vijayanagara Zanj City-States Majapahit Zimbabwe States and Empires in 1400 CE

Empires Wars led to destruction but produced new inventions. Strong governments protected trade routes and stabilized currencies. Royal courts were patrons of science, religious institutions, and arts. Large states brought together many ethnic, language, and religious groups. How did states and empires stimulate cultural exchanges in Afroeurasia?

Trade was also closely linked to cultural exchange. Empires supported trade in Afroeurasia. Merchants traveled great distances in search of wealth.

The number of cities grew, as well as trade networks between them.

Trade Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. From 300-1500 CE, trade routes extended farther and were used by more travelers.

WEST AFRICA Ghana and Mali Became rich by taxing traders Powerful military (see a pattern here?) Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa Musa

Islamic Empires After Muhammad’s death, the government set up rule by a Caliph. Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by well-trained armies Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and Byzantine empires

Mongols Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________? “Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it? Mongols Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.

TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES Equal–field system Strong support for transportation and communication Meritocracy Religion played a role Took tribute from their neighbors Hegemony over neighbors Expanded meritocracy Didn’t emphasize the military as much so not as much hegemony Trade, communication and transportation still important

YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to their downfall.

Who really had the power in Japan? What do these names have in common? Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?

European Feudalism established political and military relationships.

Eastern Europe Byzantium Justinian law codes the biggest legacy. The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the church as well. Russia Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state by the 10thc. in Kiev.

States and Empires in the Americas in 1500 CE Mayan States Aztec Empire Inca Empire Microsoft®Encarta®Reference Library 2002. ©1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

THE AMERICAS Maya: city-states w/ no central govt. Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan who didn’t have absolute power; a council of aristocrats made many decisions; no elaborate bureaucracy Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca owned all of the land; elaborate bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s power; quipu kept records

1450-1750 Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance. Major maritime powers were? Major Gunpowder Empires were? THE GREAT GLOBAL CONVERGENCE

Basic Features at Beginning of Period Key Continuities   Theme Basic Features at Beginning of Period Key Continuities Basic Features at End of Period Reasons for Change or Continuities Key changes State-building, expansion and conflict (political structures & forms of governance, empires, nations & nationalism, revolts, revolution) • Regional and Trans- Regional Empires (Mongols, Delhi, Ottomans, Ming, Aztec) • traditional & new administrative techniques   • land-based empires (Ottoman, Ming/Qing, Sultanate of Delhi, Mughal, Russia) • increased complexity & competition • minorities used for econ profit (pol rights) • global economy → increased competition • global size → gov’t complexity (Samurai, Ming, scholar- bureaucrats, Ottoman devshirme) • sea based empires (Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Great Britain) • European hegemony → Americas (Asia)

Asian commercial and political voyages on the seas continued. Indian Ocean trade routes attracted merchants as they had for centuries. Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, made seven voyages around the Indian Ocean. Malay ship: http://www.puncacipta.com/Pavilioncipta/iksas/lanchara%20-%20perahu%20besar.htm Golden horn display:http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/album/miniatures53.html, Or:http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/album/miniaturesindex.html Ming ship: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_He Ottoman naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

Technologies from Afroeurasia led to new European ship designs in the 15th century. Arab lateen sail Chinese compass Ship image: Library of Congress Lateen sail: http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/xphrase.pl?keyword=lateen Charta Rogriana world map, Islamic, anonymous,1154: http://gallery.sjsu.edu/cartography/maps/maps-Thumb.00002.html http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/cgi-bin/xphrase.pl?keyword=lateen Exploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998 xploration 40 © Kathleen Cohen 1998 Chinese sternpost rudder Muslim portolan charts and maps

Slide 11 Vasco da Gama 1498 Columbus 1492 Magellan 1519 After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe. Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.

Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec and Inca rule and claimed their lands in Mesoamerica and Andean South America. Aztec Empire Mayan States Inca Empire In 1492, two major empires in the Americas, the Aztecs and the Inca, ruled many people.

Banking and law served new demands. Trade & Manufacturing Banking and law served new demands. Accountants learned double-entry bookkeeping with “Arabic” numerals. Commercial law protected private property and investments. More efficient bureaucracies and taxation increased the power of the government’s purse. European monarchs issued charters to colonize overseas. Jurists experimented with civil and constitutional law. Copyright-free woodcuts from Dover publications

Slide 30 Period 4 was the first age of global empires. States & Empires Period 4 was the first age of global empires. Large bureaucratic states in Afroeurasia used gunpowder and artillery to expand trade and win territory in several parts of Afroeurasia. Big cannon: http://www.jendaveallen.com/1999-March-Scotland/edinburgh.htm

Slide 31 States & Empires Gunpowder empires in Asia, Africa, and Europe honed skills in production of artillery and handguns. Land and maritime empires battled over control of trade, resources, and territory. Cannon trajectory: http://www.princeton.edu/~sbutt/his291/artisans.html See Ottoman also Mughal knife: http://www.thecityreview.com/mughal.html Chinese gunners: http://www.antiqueprints.com/Prints/china_costume_prints.html Persian, Indian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and European artisans experimented with steel production for weapons.

Slide 32 States and Empires in 1519 CE States & Empires Map by Robert Prom

Slide 33 States and Empires in 1600 CE States & Empires Map by Robert Prom

Slide 34 States and Empires in 1714 CE States & Empires Map by Robert Prom

Slide 35 States and Empires in 1804 CE States & Empires Map by Robert Prom

Slide 36 Monarchs claimed absolute power. Louis XIV France 1643-1715 States & Empires Louis XIV France 1643-1715 Catherine the Great Russia 1762-1796 Elizabeth I England 1558-1603 Philip II Spain 1556-1598 Xizong Ming China 1620-1627 Shah Abbas Persia 1587-1629 Jahangir India 1605-1627 Süleyman Ottoman Empire 1520-1566 Miniature of Sultan Süleyman: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent

Slide 37 States & Empires Challenges to absolutism came from new elites with ideas about human rights. Louis XVI 1775-1793 Charles I 1625-1649 Charles I, beheaded in 1649 King George III 1760-1820 Rebellion in American Colonies 1776 French Revolution 1789

Summary: global convergence led to accelerating world change. World trade volume increased dramatically and began to shift its center from Asia to the Atlantic region. States increased their power with gunpowder conquests and new sources of mercantile wealth. In Europe rising economic elites enjoyed growing wealth, which led them to challenge old landed aristocracies and monarchs.

The Ming defeat the Yuan. Establish trade and bureaucracy again! Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again! Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again! Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats were xenophobic. Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the Forbidden City….again! Invaded by outsiders…again! Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify… again!

WESTERN EUROPE The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas! Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by taking on absolutism. In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings! Later, so do France and England.

Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the nobility and created Parliament. King Henry VIII Church and takes over the monasteries separates from the Catholic church. Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada. England After the English Civil War the power of the king is limited by the….of 1688 It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed wealthier merchants to participate in the government

FRANCE Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!” I AM THE STATE! Absolutely! Kings were not gods, but they were His lieutenants on earth. He greatly weakened the power of the nobles and the feudal system. FRANCE

Absolutists Russia and Peter the Great Wanted to westernize Reformed military and created the navy Reorganized bureaucracy/took titles away from nobles Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent (sultan) Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers and bureaucrats-Janissaries Grand Vizier

Colonies in the New World Spain and Portugal Developed large bureaucracies in urban areas Brought concepts of feudalism and absolutism with them English colonies had no bureaucracies Colonists et up their own structures like representative bodies and ran their own affairs…salutary neglect