The Meeting of Cultures

Spanish-Indian Relations Spanish Goals The Encomienda System Conversion of the Indians The Quest For Gold Trade Limits of Spanish Power

The Pueblo Revolt ( )

20,000 Pueblo Indians ruled by 2,500 Spaniards Bad weather and poor harvests in 1670s made it harder to bear Spanish demands. Efforts to crush native resistance triggered revolt Total Spanish defeat –400 Spanish, 21 Spanish Franciscans, and 386 Indians were killed Spaniards and several hundred Indian allies fled to the El Paso area. Division among native leaders enabled a resumption of control in 1692.

French-Indian Relations Trading Colonies Intermarriage Conversion Weakness of French Position

English-Indian Relations Goals Conversion Trade The Problem of Land War

King Philip's War (1675-6)

The Wampanoag had been traditional allies of the colonists but now were under economic and religious pressure to assimilate and lose their independence. Sachem Metacom (“King Philip” to the colonists) was aware of this and faced growing tensions with the colonies Ironically, accusations he planned a war triggered an actual war Initial Indian success, followed by Colonial counterattack Colonists, 3000 Indians killed.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Frontiersmen wanted to take more Indian land; the government wanted peace (peace = cheap; war = costly) Violence broke out on the frontier; Nathaniel Bacon led a force to destroy the Indians in defiance of the colonial government When it tried to stop him, he overthrew it. Eventually the British intervened and overthrew the rebels.

The Labor Problem The Economics of Labor Styles of Agriculture Labor Experiments

Indentured Servitude Origins Purpose Success Problems

Slavery in the New World: How Many? 12 million Africans are hauled to the Americas between 1492 and (p. 67) : 350, : 1.8 million : 6.1 million : 3.95 million

Slavery in the New World: Acquiring Slaves Slavery met a demand for labor to produce cash crops in semi-tropical and tropical areas Most slaves = From West Africa Coastal tribes raid the interior for captives to sell to Europeans for guns, alcohol, cloth, metal tools, etc. –Vicious Cycle ensues

Slavery in the New World: The Voyage slaves per ship, tightly packed About 15% of slaves and crew would die Water was a huge issue Poor food

The Middle Passage

Slavery in the New World: Arrival Auction: New slaves sold at auction “The Seasoning”: 1/4 th to ½ of slaves die in first 5 years.

Inspection and Sale of a Slave

Slavery in the South Personal or family farms → Indentured Servitude→ Slave labor. Most slaveowners hold 1-5 slaves; most slaves owned in large lots Georgia: 1732 Founded for poor farmers; slavery is banned. Once they start to succeed, they want slavery so they can get rich! They grow rice and accumulate land and Georgia becomes like every other Southern colony by 1750.

Georgia Colony

Slavery in the North Mostly domestic Slavery not useful for family farms Some use in commercial farming in Mid-Atlantic Slave Auction in New Amsterdam:

Race Relations Black Codes: –No weapons –No voting –No office holding –No white servants Slave Codes –No marriage –Master can do ANYTHING TO YOU he pleases –Other whites can kill you and only pay a fine

Creolization Pre-1700 slaves usually from African coast; knew more of Europe. Later slaves started out knowing nothing of European ways After 1750, creole families arise (slaves who had learned English, adopted English culture) with stable family structures.

Free Haitian Creoles

Slave Life Work: 'Work Gang' led by a black Driver; White Overseer runs plantation Women did field work and all the housework. Rise of family structures African religion persists Resistance and Rebellion: –Stono Rebellion, 1739