3/27 Notes Cultural Geography Quiz 3: End of Class Pick up all old work First---finishing up last lecture Spanish & Mexican SW 1

2 More Spanish Explorers of the Southwest Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino – –Reached Tucson –Jesuit –Technology –Livestock –Agriculture What did he see?

3 Spanish Presidios Military Forts Protection –Indian Raiding Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant Farming nearby Tucson, Tubac, El Paso Ended in 1821.

4 Spanish Missions San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert) –Kino 1692 –1770s rebuilt by Franciscans –Just SW of Tucson –Still active church –Still active farming Tumacácori.

5 ***Big Pont*** European  Native American Exchange Cattle, Horses Sheep, Goats, Pigs Citrus, Figs Metal tools Guns Distilled Alcohol Epidemic Diseases Writing

6 *****Big Point***** Native American  European Exchange Corn Beans Squash Turkey Chili Pepper Tomatillo Sunflower Walnut Acorn Mesquite Bean Agave Pine Nut Amaranth Chocolate

7 1800s Historical Dates Mexican Independence 1821 Mexican-American War1846 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 Gadsden Purchase1854*******

8 Today’s Topics Athapaskans in the Southwest Includes Navajo and Apache Where they came from, when Early life ways, history, modern times Focus on environment interactions –Leave most of the human issues for other courses

Athapaskans in 1900 How to Connect North and South? Navajo Apache

10 Linguistically ‒Athapaskan (Navajo and Apache) Migration started ~ years ago Glottochronology Crossed many environments SW arrival:1400s Where and When

11 Glottochronology Study of language divergence Language starts with a basic vocabulary People, languages split apart Words replaced at a constant rate?? With time, a language splits into two If replacement rate is known, date of common language can be determined (not precise dates) Ex: Lune (L.) = Monday –Fr.: Lundi, Sp. = Lunes

12 East lobe: 1250 bp –1000 km long, thick –May have triggered dispersal of 500+ people North lobe: 1890 bp –Smaller, but still catastrophic White River Ash

13 The Athapaskan Entry: 3 Models Late Entry High Plains Route (Post-1525) Early Entry via the Great Basin (Pre-1400) Early Entry via an Intermountain Route (A.D )

Late Entry High Plains Hypothesis Dinetah Querechos Black Hills Black Hills: AD 1200 High Plains High Plains Drought? AD Pecos Pueblo Pecos—Ref by Coronado

Early Entry Great Basin Hypothesis Dinetah AD1400 AD 1000 Promontory Promontory Gray ceramics

Early Entry Mountain Route Dinetah AD1400 AD900?? AD1200?? Early sites (1541) ONLY in Dinetah Navajo Oral Traditions Navajo plant/ animal names

17 Ancestral Navajo Homeland NW New Mexico, Dinétah Farming, hunting, gathering, traiding, raiding

18 Early Navajo Forked-pole Hogans Forked-pole hogans enable tree-ring dating Same structure type used til 20 th century Same site layout Earliest Dates mid- 1500s

19 Pueblitos Built 1710—1755 Small masonry rooms with great views Conflict with Utes.

20 Navajo Depopulation of Dinetah “A severe drought which began in about 1730 had major impact on the Navajos by 1748… This drought and … appear to have caused the southern and western migration of Navajo Populatuions and…their abandonment of the Dinetah” Marshall 1995:203; see also Reeve 1958:20 But did it??????

21 Navajo Depopulation of Dinetah

Navajo Expansion out of Dinetah 22 Dinetah Navajo Nation (current)

23 Navajo Transition to Pastoralism After Dinetah is depopulated Expansion West–San Juan Basin, etc.– better grasslands--- Why????

24 Long Walk to Ft. Sumner (Bosque Redondo) miles East bank of Pecos River Now a state monument

25 Impossible Environmental Conditions 9,000 people: mostly Navajo, some Apache Perhaps 10,000 acres, 4,000 farmable Pecos water unpalatable (salt: 3-6 ppt) Riparian woodland quickly depleted

26 Unfortunate Timing Climatically Early 1860s drought Crops failed and/or plagued with pests Thousands died

27 Sheep, goat numbers skyrocket and fluctuate Exceed carrying capacity (600,000), stripped vegetation 1930s: US enforced stock reduction –From ~1,300,000 to 400,000 sheep –Another disaster. Return to Pastoralism

28 Carrying Capacity Maximum stocking rate possible while maintaining range resources –How many sheep can graze on this land How to determine? –Measure forage production: lbs./yearac –Measure nutritional demand: lbs./yearanimal –Divide production/demand = # animals/ac Can be applied to all species, at all scales.

29 Western Apache: –Former Mogollon country Lifeways: –Hunting –Gathering –Farming Ethnographic case study (Archaic?). Current W. Apache lands

30 Hunters and Gatherers Gathering –Agave –Mesquite –Cactus Fruits –Grass Seeds –Pine Nuts Hunting –Deer –Antelope –Rabbits –Squirrels –Rodents –Birds

31 Apache Wikiup: Minimalist Housing Pole frame, hide and vegetation covering Allowed seasonal migration: hunting, gathering

32 Novel Twist on Apache Farming Late spring planting When corn 1.5 feet tall (before monsoons): –Water final time, then leave –Gather acorns, nuts, etc. Send someone back to see if corn made it Come back in fall to harvest Dubbed “casual farming” Might be recent analog to late Archaic.

33 Agave Harvest Could be collected most of the year Good for many food items

34 Peeled Trees Strip off bark Eat inner bark cambium Emergency food vs. consistent behavior?

35 Increment core the tree Crossdate pre-scar ring growth Upper Gila example: six peelings date to 1865, an emergency year (US Army)

36 Athapaskan Summary Migration from North 1400s arrival? Depopulation NOT Environmental Transition to Pastoralism NOT Environmental Strategic Subsistence Systems