C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Missouri Compromise (1820) Addressed two issues: the expansion of slavery the expansion of slavery the balance of free and slave states the balance of free and slave states Conditions Conditions Maine enters the Union as a free state Maine enters the Union as a free state Missouri enters the Union as a slave state Missouri enters the Union as a slave state Slavery will be prohibited in new states or territories north of 36°30’ latitude Slavery will be prohibited in new states or territories north of 36°30’ latitude The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Manifest Destiny and Expansion 1840s belief that Americans were destined expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Acquiring Oregon and Texas Texas Texas congress approved annexation and Texas became the 28 th state in December Texas congress approved annexation and Texas became the 28 th state in December 1845.Oregon Britain and the United States signed a treaty in 1846 dividing Oregon at the 49 th parallel. Britain and the United States signed a treaty in 1846 dividing Oregon at the 49 th parallel. The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Mexican Cession This land included the present day states of California, Nevada, and Utah. It also included most of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. This land included the present day states of California, Nevada, and Utah. It also included most of Arizona, New Mexico and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase $10 million $10 million Included southern Arizona and New Mexico Included southern Arizona and New Mexico The Road to the Civil War Building Tensions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The New Territories and Slavery Expansion Additional territories renewed the debate over slavery expansion Additional territories renewed the debate over slavery expansion upset balance of free and slave states upset balance of free and slave states The Debate over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The New Territories and Slavery Expansion Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession Wilmot Proviso (1846) – proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession Sectionalism – devotion to a region rather than the entire country Sectionalism – devotion to a region rather than the entire country The Debate over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Mexican War and Slavery Expansion began push for popular sovereignty began push for popular sovereignty popular sovereignty –allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery popular sovereignty –allow voters in a particular territory to decide whether to ban or permit slavery The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Compromise of 1850 Proposed by Henry Clay; supported by Daniel Webster Proposed by Henry Clay; supported by Daniel Webster The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Compromise of 1850 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 Conditions of the Compromise of 1850 California joins the Union as a free state. California joins the Union as a free state. New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. New Mexico and Utah Territories will use popular sovereignty to decide the status of slavery. Stronger fugitive slave law passed. Stronger fugitive slave law passed. Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. Slave trade ended in Washington, D.C. Border dispute between New Mexico and Texas is resolved. Border dispute between New Mexico and Texas is resolved. The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Compromise of 1850 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 Opposition to the Compromise of 1850 Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. Allowing California to enter as a free state would destroy the balance between the two sections of the country. California would be admitted unconditionally. California would be admitted unconditionally. Support for the Compromise of 1850 Support for the Compromise of 1850 Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. Preserving the Union was more important than regional differences. Slave labor was not necessary to the West’s economy. Slave labor was not necessary to the West’s economy. The Debate Over Slavery (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Controversy in the North over the Fugitive Slave Act lacked trial by jury lacked trial by jury bribes were given to government officials for support bribes were given to government officials for support The Debate Over Slavery

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Kansas-Nebraska Act Introduced by Stephen Douglas Introduced by Stephen Douglas Conditions Conditions Kansas & Nebraska Territories are created Kansas & Nebraska Territories are created 36° 30’ discontinued 36° 30’ discontinued Kansas & Nebraska will use popular sovereignty to determine whether to be a free or a slave state Kansas & Nebraska will use popular sovereignty to determine whether to be a free or a slave state protested in the North protested in the North received strong support in the South received strong support in the South Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Bleeding Kansas Territorial Elections Territorial Elections 1000s of men crossed over from Missouri to vote 1000s of men crossed over from Missouri to vote Pro-slavery forces won & passed strict pro- slavery laws Pro-slavery forces won & passed strict pro- slavery laws Anti-slavery Kansans formed their own government Anti-slavery Kansans formed their own government Pro-slavery forces attacked Lawrence, the anti- slavery capital Pro-slavery forces attacked Lawrence, the anti- slavery capital Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Bleeding Kansas Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) John Brown and seven other men murdered pro- slavery Kansans John Brown and seven other men murdered pro- slavery Kansans Kansas collapsed into civil war Kansas collapsed into civil war Approximately 200 people were killed Approximately 200 people were killed Trouble in Kansas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Raid on Harpers Ferry Raid on Harpers Ferry Oct. 16, 1859 Oct. 16, 1859 John Brown planned a raid on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA John Brown planned a raid on a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA Hoped to distribute weapons to slaves Hoped to distribute weapons to slaves Slaves did not join revolt Slaves did not join revolt White Southerners attacked & killed some of the raiders White Southerners attacked & killed some of the raiders John Brown captured & convicted of treason, murder, & conspiracy John Brown captured & convicted of treason, murder, & conspiracy Hung Dec Hung Dec The Effects of the Kansas- Nebraska Act

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Political Divisions Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Know-Nothing Party formed in 1849 Supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and hold office Supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and hold office Republican Party formed in 1854 Republican Party formed in 1854 Whigs, some Democrats, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists who joined together to oppose the spread of slavery in the West Whigs, some Democrats, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists who joined together to oppose the spread of slavery in the West Effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Dred Scott Dred Scott a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. Dred Scott a slave who lived in free territory and then returned to slave territory. sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. sued for his freedom claiming he had become free when he lived in free territory. In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: In 1857 the Supreme Court declared: African Americans were not U.S. citizens. African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. The Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional. Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory. Political Divisions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Abraham Lincoln’s and Stephen Douglas’ Differing Views on Slavery Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and supported the equal rights for slaves. Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal. Stephen Douglas supported slavery and did not feel the African Americans were equal. Political Divisions

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reactions to John Brown’s Raid Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. Some mourned his death and regarded him as a hero. Others opposed his violence. Others opposed his violence. Southerners felt threatened. Southerners felt threatened. It raised the secession issue in the South. It raised the secession issue in the South. Secession

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Factors Leading to Lincoln’s Victory in the Presidential Election of 1860 Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. Lincoln won 180 of the 183 electoral votes in the free states. The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. The slave states split their electoral votes thus giving Lincoln the victory. Secession

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reasons the Southern States Left the Union believed Lincoln would abolish slavery believed Lincoln would abolish slavery feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society feared this action would destroy the South’s economy and society South Carolina seceded Dec South Carolina seceded Dec Feb Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas seceded Feb Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas seceded Confederate States of America elected Jefferson Davis as president Confederate States of America elected Jefferson Davis as president Secession