SLAVES: Economic – gang force labor in fields, Manifest Destiny opened rich new lands (more slaves were needed) Social – treated as property, dehumanized, deprived of African name and culture, cruelty Political: South, no rights, Political power in white South was based on how many slaves one owned. North, slavery was gradually abolished after the Revolutionary Ward Westward expansion caused heated debates over slavery

Free Blacks Economic – worked as domestics, artisans, laborers and sailors Social – African Methodist and Baptist Churches were the central focus Political: Black national conventions, eight states sent black delegates to the 1853 convention, limited freedom due to prejudices, regulated by slave codes.

Most famous African American who played a role in the abolitionist movement Escaped from slavery Published the “North Star” (antislavery newspaper) Wrote an autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

Supreme Court case struck down Missouri Compromise allowing slavery to expand in the “free territories” of the North and West Scott was a slave who was forced to accompany his master from Missouri to a free territory Scott sued for his freedom in the new territory

Chief Justice ruled that Scott was property not a citizen Importance: Big step leading toward Civil War

1860 – 16 th President of the U.S. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union because Lincoln was a Republican and associated with the abolitionist cause Believed the states had never legally left the Union Assassinated 1863 by John Wilkes Booth

North wanted strong central government while the South wanted states’ rights Slavery was the major issue North prevailed

Brilliant general of the Confederate Army His defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war in favor of the North Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

Union’s top general in the Civil War 1868 – President of the United States Presidency marred with corruption and scandals

Site of first shots of the Civil War Significance: North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Arkansas seceded

Former Senator from Mississippi 1861 = elected first president of the Confederacy Struggled to unify the southern states under a central government

President Abraham Lincoln Freed all slaves in states that were rebelling against the Union Effect: Many African Americans rushed to join the union army

Involved most soldiers and produced most deaths in the Civil War Site of Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg address Turning point of Civil War in favor of the North

Part of the Anaconda Plan Union took control of the Mississippi River cutting the South off from the West

Stressed concept of national unity Denied secession’s legality Promised not to interfere with slavery in border states where slavery existed Stated, “Malice toward none; charity for all”

Period after the Civil War known as radical Reconstruction The South was in political, social and economic turmoil and eleven states had suceded – Freedmen’s Bureau was established to assist former slaves with food, medical care, schools and resettlement

1865-South created the black codes. These restricted blacks rights to own property, established a curfew, and forced blacks to work as agricultural laborers. The Civil Right Act of 1866 eliminated these codes. 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments After federal troops withdrew from the South, blacks again became second-class citizens. It would not be until the civil rights movement in the 1960s that this would change.