Unit 11 Imperialism and Progressives

QUIZ 1. T/F the political landscape was stable from Name two men who were elected President from (last names are ok). 3. T/F There was high voter turnout from This Act required federal jobs to be filled by people who perform well on written exams rather than patronage 5. What was the name of the movement (or political party) that rose from the Farmer Alliances? 2

QUIZ 1. The Platt Amendment was added to which country’s constitution? 2. The Open Door Notes were written to help facilitate trade with which country? 3. WEB DuBois and a group of his supporters founded this group to help promote the African American civil rights (Acronym is ok…) 4. Which amendment outlawed alcohol sales? © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

Quiz 1. This person led a cavalry charge up San Juan Hill, and later claimed it was the best day of his life. 2. This is the nickname of the cavalry unit in #1. 3. This present-day country sparked intense debate in America over the moral consequences of annexation. 4. This person was President throughout America’s imperial expansion. © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

Quiz 1. These islands were annexed by the United States in miles south of #1, these islands were controlled by the U.S., Britain, and Germany and were a crucial trading post in the Pacific. 3. Which ship’s explosion led to war against Spain? 4. Which island was engaged in a bitter Civil War that offered an opportunity for American expansion?

Politics of Equilibrium 6 The Party System  Stability and Stalemate  Little changed in the Rep. and Dem. Parties  High Turnout  78% of eligible voters turned out  Who voted Democrat? Why?  Republican? Why?

Politics of Equilibrium 7 Nat. Govt. Didn’t do much Collected taxes, foreign policy, mail, military, civil war pension Presidents and Patronage Rutherford B. Hayes Stalwarts and Half-Breeds Election of 1880 Garfield wins July 2, 1881 – Garfield assassinated Chester A. Arthur is president Pendleton Act What did the Pendleton Act do?

–Cleveland, Harrison, and the Tariff  1884  Grover Cleveland Elected  Tough on crime, corruption and politics  1888  Harrison defeats Cleveland  What was unique about this election?  1892  Cleveland defeats Harrison…. Grover Cleveland (Library of Congress) The Politics of Equilibrium 8

New Public Issues  Public opinion was forcing Harrison to act  Sherman Antitrust Act  Tried to limit corporations. Not very successful.  McKinley Tariff  Why were people angry about this?  Interstate Commerce Act  Made all RR rates “reasonable and just” 9

Populism 10 Farmers ally themselves against the Railroads Why? July 1892 – People’s Party (Populism) created Immediately gained seats in govt. but their potential was limited. Populist Ideas Ocala Demands Allow farmers to borrow money with low interest Abolition of National Banks Direct election of Senators Govt. ownership of RRs, telephones, and telegraphs F f

Crisis of the 1890s 11 –The Panic of 1893  America’s Interconnected Economy  Railroads, banks, loan dependent businesses….  Within 8 months 8,000 businesses, 156 RRs, and 400 banks failed.  “Coxey’s Army”  What is Coxey’s Army? –The Silver Question  “Bimetallism”  “Crime of 73” What was the crime of 73? How does this affect farmers?

“A Cross of Gold” William McKinley elected as the Republican candidate “A Cross of Gold” Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.  Bryan nominated for the Democrats  Why are the populists annoyed?  “Fusion”  What is Fusion? Why did the Populists agree to it? William McKinley (Library of Congress) NBC Learn: “Free Silver”

Conservative Victory 13 Birth of modern campaigning Bryan traveled 18,000 miles and addressed an estimated 5 million people! End of the People’s Party They gambled on Bryan and lost… Gold Standard Act Confirmed the nation’s commitment to the gold standard More gold was discovered and the amount of gold in the economy was almost tripled, this alleviated concerns for bimetallism. Election of 1896

Stirrings of Imperialism 14 The “end of Manifest Destiny” caused some to look abroad Provided new markets Americans felt it natural to exert control over other weaker nations Alfred Thayer Mahan Influence of Sea Power Upon History Most powerful countries are strong in the sea

Screen clipping taken: 3/2/2011, 11:01 AM

First Conquest…Hawaii 1790: Americans first arrive in Hawaii, eventually become very connected to Hawaiian trade 1891: Queen Lilioukalani of Hawaii proposes removing rights of non-native Hawaiians…why? 1893: Americans lead a revolution and take control Why was it in Hawaii’s best interest to become a state? American businessman Sanford Dole becomes President 1898: Congress annexes Hawaii

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Identify the Causes of Imperialism Imperialism

Identify the Causes of Imperialism Imperialism IndustrialismMedia Competition/ Darwinism Navy American attitude

War with Spain – Cuban Revolt More attention it paid to it now….why? Dupuy de Lôme Letter Spanish minister in Washington has letter intercepted… What did his letter say? The Maine Blows up in Havana Harbor, killing 260 Why was this so important? “You furnish the pictures…and I’ll furnish the war” William Randolph Hearst YELLOW JOURNALISM!

War With Spain 21 “A Splendid Little War” “Mopping up duties” Only 460 Americans died in battle Much of the Span. Forces had been weakened by the Cuban revolts Supply and Mobilization Problems What were some of the issues? Seizing the Philippines  Dewey Victorious  Spanish doesn’t put up a fight…. Jose Marti Cuban revolutionary in NY Why is he important?

Spanish-American War Explain the connection Spanish- American War 1898 Cuban Revolt Maine De Lome letter Yellow Journalism

War With Spain 23 The Battle for Cuba The Rough Riders Led by Teddy Roosevelt Charge up Kettle Hill! “the great day of my life” Puerto Rico Occupied War is ended…… Spain recognizes independence of Cuba U.S. gains Puerto Rico and Guam U.S. Continues occupation of Philippines Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders (Library of Congress)

War With Spain 24 War with Spain –Puerto Rico and the United States  Foraker Act  Ended military rule, established a civilian govt.  P.R. becomes a territory in 1917

The Debate Over the Philippines  The Philippines Question  What to do with the Philippines?  Reasons the U.S. took it over:  1.Returning it to Spain would be cowardly and dishonorable  2. Can’t let any other powers take it  3. They can’t rule themselves  Anti-Imperialist League  What are some reasons why people were opposed to Imperialism?  Supporters of Annexation  Invigorate the nation  Business opportunity  We already possessed it! 25 Election of 1900: McKinley defeats Bryan again

The Republic As Empire 27 Governing the Colonies America helped Cuba move towards independence, but Cuba didn’t mention the U.S.A. in their constitution! Platt Amendment… Cuba couldn’t make treaties Allowed for American intervention to preserve life, liberty, independence

The Philippine War Why would some Filipinos think Americans were hypocrites? Emilio Aguinaldo Led rebellions against American occupation The Philippines Brutally Subjugated Murders, executions, concentration camps Gradual Shift to Self-Rule Aguinaldo gave up USA built schools, road, hospitals, bridges etc… 28 The Philippines eventually gained their independence in 1946

The Open Door Policy 29 Hay’s Open Door Notes What did these notes say? Boxer Rebellion Group of Chinese martial artists, rebelled against occupation Why did America want to help put down the rebellion? A Modern Military System  America Retooled their military system “Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others.” - McKinley

Chapter Nineteen: From Crisis to Empire © 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30 The American South Pacific Empire, 1900

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Chapter Twenty: The Progressives

 Progressives believed in progress but thought that direct intervention was necessary  Did NOT believe in Laissez faire or Social Darwinism  Believed in social cohesion and antimonopoly  Muckrakers and Social Gospel  Tried to expose scandal, corruption and injustice  By the new century, they focused mostly on “machine governments” and “boss rule” in cities  Social Gospel was using faith to make social reform  Chiefly concerned with redeeming the nation’s cities. PROGRESSIVISM

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36 SETTLEMENT HOUSE MOVEMENT  Hull House – founded by Jane Addams in 1889  Help immigrants adapt to the language and the customs of America  Social work  The Professions  Managers, technicians, accountants, commercial, medical and legal services were all needed  These people became the new “middle class”  American Medical Association (AMA)  State Bar Associations  National Association of Manufacturers

 “Natural Rights” - Women deserves the same rights as men, that includes the right to vote!  “The arbiter of her own destiny…if we are to consider her as a citizen, as a member of a great nation, she must have the same rights as all other members.”  Challenged “female sphere”  National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) – 2 million members in 1917  help the temperance movement  End war??  Nineteenth Amendment  Passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote  Equal Rights Amendment 37 WOMAN SUFFRAGE

Election Day Critics of the woman- suffrage movement, including this cartoonist, believed that women's place was in the home, not in the public sphere. (Library of Congress) ELECTION DAY

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Before Progressives could reform society, they needed to reform government Secret Ballot Muckrakers City-manager plan Believed that the state legislatures were corrupted  Initiative  Referendum  Direct Primary  Recall  Robert La Follette  From Wisc.  Regulated RRs, utilities, regulate the workplace, and provide compensation for injured laborers. 41 ASSAULT ON THE PARTIES

42 SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM Labor, the Machine and Reform California passed a child labor law and limited working hours Some political machines began to use their power for reform Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Killed 146 workers Began to research issues with work conditions NY passed labor laws that imposed strict regulations on factory owners and established mechanisms for enforcement Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (Library of Congress)

44 AFRICAN AMERICANS AND REFORM Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Du Bois National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) “Is it possible and probable that nine millions of men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meager chance for developing their exceptional men?” W. E. B. Du Bois

45 THE TEMPERANCE CRUSADE Violence, crime, drunkenness were on the rise Women pushed for temperance Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) had 245,000 members in – 18 th Amendment passed production, distribution or sale of alcohol is prohibited!

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48 SOCIALISM Eugene V. Debs Received 1 million votes in 1912 Structural changes to the economy Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – “Wobblies” Refused to support World War I Constant harassment and persecution

49 THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE MODERN PRESIDENCY Took over when McKinley was assassinated Champion of moderate change Vision of Federal Power forced the Sherman Antitrust Act against the Northern Securities Company Filed more than 40 antitrust suits as President! 1902 – United Mine Workers Strike 10% pay raise, nine-hour day

50 THE “SQUARE DEAL” Changing Ideas of Power Hepburn Act Gave Congress power to regulate RRs Pure Food and Drug Act Could not sell dangerous or ineffective medicine Meat Inspection Act In response to reading Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Advertising The Jungle (Library of Congress)

51 ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENT Restricted development on millions of acres of govt. land First President to take an interest in conservation Added to the National Parks System Panic and Retirement 1907 – Panic and recession hurt his popularity Retired after two terms…..temporarily Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir in Yosemite (Library of Congress)

52 Establishment of National Parks and Forests

TAFT’S PRESIDENCY  “Never felt like the President”  Busted 90 trusts but never got the credit he deserved  Payne-Aldrich Tariff  Signed into law by Taft  Didn’t really lower tariffs like Progressives wanted to  Why were Progressives in favor of lowering tariffs?  Public Land problems – Taft ended up selling many western lands to big business angering conservationists

REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS  Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans split  Speaker of House Joseph Cannon often ignored Progressive bills  He was supported by Taft  Election of the Democrats regain Congress in 1910 for first time in 16 years  Roosevelt begins to campaign with “New Nationalism”

BULL MOOSE PARTY  Angry at Taft’s lack of success, Roosevelt ran for President again  Chaos at the Republican Convention  Created the Progressive Party which came to be known as the Bull Moose Party.  People boasted Teddy was strong as a “bull moose”  Were in favor of Progressive reforms  Initiative, referendum, women’s suffrage, minimum wage etc.  Democrats selected Woodrow Wilson to represent them.

 “New Nationalism” vs. “New Freedom  Wilson was a progressive Democrat  Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote!  HOW THEY WERE DIFFERENT:  Taft – lenient on Big Business  Roosevelt – govt. action to support big business, but didn’t oppose all of them  Wilson – small business and free- market competition, ALL big business = EVIL. Not as socially progressive.  Debs – end to capitalism 56 ELECTION OF 1912 Election of 1912

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58 WILSON’S PRESIDENCY Lowering Tariffs Underwood-Simmons Tariff Income tax (16 th Amendment) 1-6% Federal Trade Act (business) Could let businesses know if their actions were allowable Prosecute “unfair trade practices” Federal Reserve Act (banks) Kept reserves of money all over U.S. Allowed for credit to be supported by U.S. govt. Child Labor Laws Woodrow Wilson (Library of Congress)