Classifying Organisms

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Classification of Living Things

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Classification of Living Things

Presentation transcript:

Classifying Organisms Chapter 3 Section 1

Why do Scientists Classify? Imagine a grocery store… How are they organized? What would happen if they were not organized? How is your life organized?

Why do Scientists Classify? Almost 2 million kinds of organisms on Earth Need to keep organized! (Easier to study!) Classification = process of grouping things based on their similarities

Why do Scientists Classify? Taxonomy =scientific study of how living things are classified Useful because: once classified, scientists will know a lot about an organism

Early Classification Systems Aristotle (4th century B.C.) -observed animals -watched appearance, behavior, movement -fly, swim, and walk/crawl/run -observed similarities and differences -used differences to divide into smaller subgroups

The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their similarities to each other 1707-1778

Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus (1750s) -used observations as basis of his system -placed organisms based on observable features Devised naming system for organisms: Binomial Nomenclature

Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature =2 part naming system -uses Latin words Genus species Felis concolor Genus is capitalized; species is NOT. If you can’t italicize, underline the genus and species!

Classification Today Species with similar evolutionary histories are classified more closely together. -when organisms share a common ancestor, they share an evolutionary history

6 Kingdoms Archebacteria Eubacteria 6 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Protista (same) Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

3 Domain System: Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria Eukarya: eukaryotes Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain Archaea Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)

Domain Eubacteria Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla

Domain Eukarya Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells) Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Levels of Classification -based on contributions of both Aristotle and Linnaeus There are 8 levels of classification. Remember the first letter of this sentence: Dumb Kids Play Catch Over Farmer Green’s Shed.

8 Levels of Classification Domain broadest level Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species most specific

Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Fungus-Like Plant-Like Paramecium Giardia Amoeba Fungus-Like Includes All Protists: Eukaryotic Unicellular Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds Plant-Like Water Mold Slime Mold Diatom Euglena Green Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates

Kingdom Fungi All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Complex Plants Pteridophyte(Fern) All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm; Dicot Angiosperm; Monocot

Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms Common Phyla: Porifera (sponges, corral) Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Nematoda (small unsegmented worms) Platyhelminthes

Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Molluska Echinodermata Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..) Annelida (segmented worms) Echinodermata (starfish and anemones) Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders) Chordata (those with spinal chords) Molluska Echinodermata

Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien

Using the Classification System Field guides help identify organisms. -they highlight differences between similar organisms (like trees) Taxonomic Key (AKA Dichotomous Key) -paired statements that describe the physical characteristics of different organisms http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/02%20Classification/03%20Classification%20of%20a%20Species.jpg

Taxonomic Key 1. Fruits occur singly ....................................................... Go to 3 1' Fruits occur in clusters of two or more ......................... Go to 2 2. Fruits are round ....................................................... Grapes 2' Fruits are elongate ................................................... Bananas 3. Thick skin that separates easily from flesh .............Oranges 3' Thin skin that adheres to flesh .............................. Go to 4 4. More than one seed per fruit ............................ Apples 4' One seed per fruit ............................................ Go to 5 5. Skin covered with velvety hairs .................... Peaches 5' Skin smooth, without hairs ........................... Plums

Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2 1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20 2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3 2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35 3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger 3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion Used to help identify unknown specimen Work by asking yes or no questions whose answers lead the reader to the correct taxa for the organism

Dichotomous Key Try this one: 1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped) 2 1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped) 8 2a. Organism has visible fur 3 2b. Organism has no visible fur 20 3a. Organism lives in warm climates 7 3b. Organism lives in cold climates 4 4a. Organism has brown or black fur Ursus americanus 4b. Organism has white fur Ursus maritimus

Note Guide Who was Linnaeus? What are taxa? How are organisms scientifically named? What is the difference between the 3 domains? 1. 2. 3. Name and describe the differences between the 4 kingdoms in Eukarya: 4.

Note Guide (pg. 2) Name and describe (or give an example of) each of the 10 phyla in Animalia: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. How would you fully classify a human? What is the purpose of a dichotomous key? How do you read a dichotomous key?