The Roman Republic Ch. 14  History of Rome –753 BC to 509 BC Roman Monarchy –509 BC to 27 BC Roman Republic –27 BC to AD 476 Roman Empire

I. Roman Republic  Etruscan king Tarquinias Superbus overthrown overthrown  Roman set up a Republic –Senate –Assembly –Consuls  American Government (don’t copy) –Legislative –Executive –Judicial

American Expansion

Roman Expansion Rome was not built in a day, but over the course of hundreds of years and numerous battles

II. Roman Expansion  300BC, Italian peninsula captured  200BC, lands from Carthage captured  44BC, Carthage, Greece, Gaul captured  14AD, Egypt and Eastern Europe  117AD, Britannia and Turkey captured Rome was not built in a day Rome was not built in a day

Roman Military  Legions = 5000 men. Carried an eagle –Cohorts = 10 in a legion  Centuries = men –Tent group= 8 men who shared a tent  Great Generals  Gaius Julius Caesar  Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

Roman soldier  Equipped with –Shield –Sword –Dagger –Spear  Could not marry  Received stipend as well as booty

Roman Food  A soldier's life consisted of a basic repetition of everyday activities. Every 15 days each soldier received their rations. They each received 1/2 a bushel of Frumenti (grain). With this Frumenti, they could prepare many types of food including bread, porridge, wheat, and barley. When meat was available, it was eaten. Most of the meat was purchased from the traveling merchants. The soldiers were recommended to eat cheese, olive oil, and honey whenever available. Each soldier only received 45 dollars a year. This was not a lot, even by Ancient Rome's standards. But the soldiers all received a portion of the "spoils of war". These gifts of land and valuables made the soldier's life a very profitable one. In addition, with normal generals in charge the higher ranks would receive more land than the lower ranks. Caesar was the first to distribute all the spoils of war evenly among all the officers and soldiers.

Importing of Oil to the US

III. Punic Wars

Punic Wars

 First Punic War  BC  Rome invades Sicily for control of grain fields  Romans won  Win Sicily but later take Sardinia and Corsica  Second Punic War  BC  Hannibal invades Rome from the North. Called home to defend Carthage  Romans Won  Win North Africa and Spain

Hannibals Invasion of Rome

Punic Wars con’t  Third Punic War  BC  Carthage beginning to re-establish itself. Rome attacks and burns Carthage  Romans won  No new territory won

IV. Effects of Conquest  Much money spent on military  Governing new lands –Many people from different cultures  Do you treat all equal? Allow to practice culture?  Growth of latifundias(plantation like) –Rich get richer, poor get poorer  Poor are losing land to the rich. How do they make a living if no land?  Increase in slave population –Many jobs were now being done by slaves  How do you provide jobless jobs? Sound familiar?

V. Roman Reformers  Tiberius Gracchus –Limit land ownership and size of latifundias –Public lands to the poor –Assassinated  Gaius Gracchus –Food to the poor –Grant Roman allies citizenship –Assassinated  Supporters of Plebians vs.Patricians Democrats vs. Republicans Democrats vs. Republicans

 Gaius Marius –Opened army to everyone living under Roman rule  Sulla –Took Rome over by force –Names of enemies were posted and people received compensation for taking their lives  Spartacus movie takes place here Spartacus  First Triumvirate –Marcus Lucinius Crassus –Julius Caesar –Pompey

Roman Crucifixion Spikes about 7 inches long and 3/8 of an inch in diameter were driven into the wrists. The spikes would hit the area of the median nerve, causing shocks of pain up the arms to the shoulders and neck. Already standing at the crucifixion site would be the 7-foot-tall post, called a stipes. In the center of the stipes was a crude seat to “support” for the victim. The patibulum was then lifted on to the stipes, and the victim’s body was awkwardly turned on the seat so that the feet could be nailed to the stipes. At this point, there was tremendous strain put on the wrists, arms and shoulders, resulting in a dislocation of the shoulder and elbow joints. The position of the nailed body held the victim’s rib cage in a fixed position, which made it extremely difficult to exhale, and impossible to take a full breath. Ultimately, the mechanism of death in crucifixion was suffocation. To breathe, the victim was forced to push up on his feet to allow for inflation of the lungs. As the body weakened and pain in the feet and legs became unbearable, the victim was forced to trade breathing for pain and exhaustion

Julius Caesar

 Julius Caesar –Crassus dies and Caesar defeats Pompey –Leader of Rome –Reforms  Gave land to the poor  Erased some debt  Freed about 1/3 of slaves  Increased Senate  Expanded citizenship  Public works projects  Free food to needy  Free gladiatorial games –Assassinated by Roman Senators  Some felt he was becoming to powerful –“Etu brute” –March 15

 Following Caesar’s death Second Triumvirate –Marcus Lepidus –Octavian –Marc Antony  Civil War follows, Octavian Wins!

In Italy, archaeologists uncover the remains of 2 people who seem to be hugging one another. The eternal embrace