Finite Moods of a Verb 1. Indicative – The verb states a fact or asks a direct question. 2. Imperative – The verbs states a command. 3. Subjunctive – The verb states a possibility. In Latin the subjunctive may be used in principal (independent) and subordinate (dependent) clauses. It can express the ideas of command, purpose, result, indirect question, and the like, and the English translation must contain these ideas.

Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)(Pages 319 – 320) Present TenseRuleTranslation (1st (2nd (Reg. (4th conj. conj.) conj.) 3rd conj.) & 3rd. io verbs) Pres. Rt. Pres. St. Pres. Rt. Pres. St. (may) vocmoneregcapi audi + e + PE + a + PE + a + PE + a + PE (call)(warn)(rule)(take)(hear) vocemmoneamregamcapiam audiamI may ________ vocesmoneasregascapias audiasyou may ________ vocetmoneatregatcapiat audiathe may ________ vocemusmoneamusregamuscapiamus audiamuswe may ________ vocetismoneatisregatiscapiatis audiatisyou may ________ vocentmoneantregantcapiant audiantthey may ________

Subjunctive Mood (Irregular Verbs)(Pages 319 – 320) Present Tense(Must be memorized)Translation SumPossumvoloeofero fio(may) (be)(be able)(wish)(go)(bring)(become) simpossimvelimeamferamfiamI may ________ sispossisveliseasferasfias you may ________ sitpossitveliteatferatfiat he may ________ simuspossimusvelimuseamusferamusfiamus we may ________ sitispossitisvelitiseatisferatisfiatisyou may ________ sintpossintvelinteantferantfiant they may ________

Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)(Pages 319 – 320) Imperfect TenseRuleTranslation All Verbs - Full Present Active Infinitive + PE(might) vocaremonereregerecapere audire + PE+ PE+ PE+ PE+ PE (call)(warn)(rule)(take)(hear) vocaremmoneremregeremcaperem audiremI might ________ vocaresmoneresregerescaperes audires you might ________ vocaretmoneretregeretcaperet audiret he might ________ vocaremusmoneremusregeremuscaperemus audiremus we might ________ vocaretismoneretisregeretiscaperetis audiretis you might ________ vocarentmonerentregerentcaperent audirent they might ________

Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)(Pages 339 – 340) Perfect TenseRuleTranslation All Verbs - Perfect Stem + eri + PE(may have) vocavmonurexcep audiv eri + PEeri + PEeri + PEeri + PEeri + PE (call)(warn)(rule)(take)(hear) vocaverimmonuerimrexerimceperimaudiverimI may have ________ vocaverismonuerisrexerisceperisaudiveris you may have ________ vocaveritmonueritrexeritceperitaudiverit he may have ________ vocaverimusmonuerimusrexerimusceperimusaudiverimus we may have ________ vocaveritismonueritisrexeritisceperitisaudiveritis you may have ________ vocaverintmonuerintrexerintceperintaudiverint they may have ________

Review of the Subjunctive Mood (Regular Verbs)(Pages 345 – 346) Pluperfect TenseRuleTranslation All Verbs - Perfect Stem + isse + PE(might have) vocavmonurexcep audiv isse + PEisse + PEisse + PEisse + PEisse + PE (call)(warn)(rule)(take)(hear) vocavissemmonuissemrexissemcepissemaudivissemI might have ________ vocavissesmonuissesrexissescepissesaudivisses you might have ________ vocavissetmonuissetrexissetcepissetaudivisset he might have ________ vocavissemusmonuissemusrexissemuscepissemusaudivissemus we might have ________ vocavissetismonuissetisrexissetiscepissetisaudivissetis you might have ________ vocavissentmonuissentrexissentcepissentaudivissent they might have ________

Review of the Sequence of Tense Rules for the Subjunctive Mood(Page 341) SEQUENCEIF THE MAIN VERB IS:THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USES: Primarypresent1.the present subjunctive future (to express same time as the main verb) future perfect 2.the perfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb) Secondaryimperfect1.the imperfect subjunctive perfect (to express same time as the main verb) pluperfect 2. the pluperfect subjunctive (to express time before that of the main verb)

Review of Indirect Questions(Page 341) 1. In English and in Latin there are two kinds of questions: DirectWhat are you doing?Quid facis? IndirectI am asking what you are doing. Rogo quid facias. A direct question becomes indirect when it is used as the direct object of verbs meaning ask, know, perceive, show, etc. It is always introduced by an interrogative word. In English the verb of an indirect question is in the indicative mood; in Latin it is in the subjunctive mood, although the English translation is like the indicative. 2. Indirect questions must not be confused with indirect statements. INDIRECT STATEMENTINDIRECT QUESTION Scio eum venisse. Scio cur venerit. I know that he came. I know why he came.

Review of Result Clauses (page 334) 1. In English the verb in a clause of result is expressed by the indicative mood because a result is something that actually happened. A fact is stated. In Latin the verb is in the subjunctive mood, and the clause, whether affirmative or negative, is introduced by ut. In a negative clause the negative adverb non is placed before the verb. In the English translation the auxiliary verbs may, might, should, would are never used. 2. In Latin as in English, some word in the main clause serves as a warning indicator that a result clause is coming. Ita and sic, both of which mean so, are usually used with verbs. Tam, also meaning so, is used with adjectives and adverbs. Tantus, so great, talis, such, and tot, so many, are adjectives. Romani tam fortiter pugnaverunt ut hostes superarent. The Romans fought so bravely that they overcame the enemy. Numerus hostium erat tantus ut Romani eos non superarent. The number of the enemy was so great that the Romans did not overcome them.

Review of Clauses Expressing Purpose(Page 321) 1. In English when we say: He comes to school to study, the infinitive expresses the purpose of his coming. Instead of an infinitive in a simple sentence, we may use a clause in a complex sentence: He comes to school in order that he may study. 2. In Latin prose we do not use an infinitive to express purpose. We must use a subordinate clause introduced by ut if the clause is positive; by ne, if negative. After verbs meaning choose, send, or leave, purpose may be expressed by a relative clause. The antecedent of the relative pronoun (qui quae quod)is usually the object of the main verb. Pugnant ut vincant. They fight to conquer (in order that they may conquer). Pugnant ne vincantur. They fight in order not to be conquered (in order that they may not be conquered; lest they may be conquered). Nuntios qui haec dicant mittimus. We are sending messengers to say these things (who may (shall) say these things).