AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace Program March Dr. Jim C Chang Program Director AFOSR/AOARD Air Force Research Laboratory ECE Department North Carolina State University

Air Force Office of Scientific Research AOARD Detachment 2 EOARD Detachment 1 Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Materiel Command 9 other Technology Directorates 3 Technical Directorates International Office Where AOARD Fits

AFOSR BASIC RESEARCH IS THE FOUNDATION HQ AFRL HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS INFORMATION PROPULSION MUNITIONS TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATES AFOSR is the Sole Manager of US Air Force Basic Research Funds AFOSR Within the AF Research Lab DIRECTED ENERGY SPACE VEHICLES AIR VEHICLES SENSORS MATERIALS & MANUFACTURING

Focused Long Term Challenges Example Transformational Capabilities Combined Air Operations Center of the Future Reusable Launch Vehicle Rapid Access to Space Long Range Strike Sensor Craft Persistent ISR Cyber Craft

Strategic Technologies Cooperative Aerospace Operations 20 Km Spot Integrated-Automated Target Recognition Thermal Management Airborne Laser Nanoscience & Technology Local Environment NanoSensors (LENS) Biological Materials & Systems Exploitation Rapid Decision Management Rapid Decision Management

Aerospace and Materials Sciences Chemistry and Life Sciences Physics and Electronics Sub-thrusts AFOSR Research Areas Physics Electronics Space Sciences Solid Mechanics and Structures Materials Fluid Mechanics Propulsion Info Sciences Mathematics Chemistry Bio Sciences Human Performance Mathematics and Information Sciences Areas of enhanced emphasis: Information Science Computer-Assisted Human Decision-Making Micro UAV Swarms Nanoscience Novel Energy Technology

Funded by AFOSR since 1986 AFOSR support established initial femtosecond facilities Allows new insights into reaction mechanisms, the effects of solvation, and HEDM synthesis Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Femtochemistry Prof. Ahmed Zewail Caltech 1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry Awarded for development of “femtochemistry” methods to visualize, understand, and predict reactions

Funded by AFOSR since 1989 AFOSR support branched into other applications of conjugated polymers Discovery of Ultrafast (300 fs) photoinduced charge transfer led to organic solar cell research and bio-chemical sensor development 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Conductive Polymers Prof. Alan J. Heeger UCSB 2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry Awarded "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" 1 Opt. Commun. 141, 243 (1997) 2 Phys. Rev. B56, 4573 (1997) Acceptor Donor 300 fs + -

AFOSR Leadership Roles Foster Revolutionary Basic Research for Air Force Needs –728 extramural research grants at 211 universities –194 intramural research projects at Air Force laboratories –133 STTR small business - university contracts –368 transitions to DOD and industry Build Relationships with Leading Researchers – Here and Abroad –79 summer faculty; 40 postdocs at AFRL –264 short-term foreign visitors; 37 personnel exchanges –58 technical workshops; 205 conferences sponsored –Liaison Offices in Europe and Asia Educate Tomorrow’s Scientists and Engineers –About 2000 post-docs and grad students on research grants –430 National Defense Science & Engineering Fellowships

World S&T Investment 1996* to 2004** +78% ** OECD 2005 PPP; Global S&T Report (Batelle) - PPP data Lyons, Mikami 2006, AOARD 1% 2% 3% 2% 1% EU 25% 12%3% 5%5% 33% 13% <1% Lyons, Mikami 2005, AOARD Asia Share 1996: 26% 2004: 35% 2% 1% 3% 2% EU 28% 4%3% 38 % 16% <1% * UIS S&T database; World Bank - PPP data 1%

Window-on-Science Visits (WOSs) AOARD invites prominent Asian Scientists to USAF labs/centers: – Visitor provides a seminar and engages in technical discussions with USAF S&T’s – Official travel expenses are paid by AOARD – Short-term visits to one or more locations Foreign military and civilian government employees may not be eligible, unless they are academicians AOARD sends out Base Clearance Data -- FDO and Hosting POC Lead time: At least 60 days before travel start date Photo courtesy of Mr. William Rieken

Conference Support (CSP) AOARD funds workshops and conferences in Asia to promote scientific interactions: – We provide financial support to Asian conference organizers – AOARD sponsorship must be separate from corporate sponsorship – The support may be for a stand-alone workshop or for an individual session within a large conference Lead time: As early as possible AOARD, 2006

R & D Contracts/Grants (R&D) AOARD funds small research proposals submitted in response to AFOSR Broad Area Announcement (BAA) and USAF interests: – USAF S&Ts evaluate the proposals – The Proposer’s Guide is on the AFOSR web page through AOARD web page Follow-on contracts are cost-shared by other USAF organization AOARD administers larger contracts on behalf of AFOSR and AFRL Lead time: Usually days to complete the process (White paper → Proposal → Evaluation → Contract) AOARD, 2006

AOARD Program Activities FY-06

PROGRAM GOALS Seek and Cultivate Teaming and Leverage Harvest and Discovery

OVERVIEW TOPICS Power and Energy Intelligent Structures/Systems for Aerospace Systems Multi-Scale and Interfaces for “Materials-by- Design” AFOSR/Taiwan Nanotechnology Initiative Aerospace Sciences Topics

Taken from a presentation by Baldwin “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Energy: A 21st Century Perspective; National Academy of Engineering; June 2, 2005” BEST RESEARCH – CELL EFFICIENCIES

POWER AND ENERGY Bio-Inspired Light Harvesting Research Prof. Mamoru Nango, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan Starting with a One-year AOARD Seed Grant AFOSR MURI: Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems and their Integration to Aero Vehicles Team Members: UW, UCLA, UC, AFRL/VA, AFRL/ML, AOARD Technical Effort Energy Harvesting - Mechanical & Solar ・ Solar Cell - Low Cost & Efficient ・ Polymeric: 3% to 10% ・ Bio-Inspired Design: 8% to 15% (Prof. Nango + 40 people team through AOARD)

Scientific Approach ・ Mimic biosystem photosynthesis “structure”, “function”, “process” ・ New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan, UK, USA Bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) Carotenoid Accomplishment 1. X-ray crystal structure identification of LH1-RC and LH2 LH1-RC LH2 POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH Absorption

ADKSDLGYTGLTDEQAQELHS VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWF Rb.sphaeroides LH1-  VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFGGC SH hydrophobic core N-terminal C-terminal 2. Reconstitute LH1-RC (photosynthetic proteins) on electrode using bio-selfassembly 3. Stabilized APS(3-aminopropylsilane)-ITO Zn Au SS S h e-e-e-e- e-e-e-e- e-e-e-e- e-e-e-e- MV ++ RC or LH/RC complex Au electrode ITO electrode Glass substrate Photocurrent on electrode Photocurrent on electrode RC or LH-RC e- POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH Photocurrent on electrode

Future plan Develop nano-TiO 2 electrode and device model for functionalized LH1-RC & LH2 to increase performance & stability 4. Synthesized LH1 polypeptide/pigments complex for broadband (UV to IR) absorption for device efficiency and stability Spheroidene isolated from Rb. sphaeroides (Left) Spirilloxanthin isolated from Rs. rubrum (Right) POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH

FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS Atoms move to the minimum-energy position Arbitrary two atoms ’i’ and ’j’ are regarded as two nodes, and their potential as one element Element Shape Function Formation Advantages of Our Approach Computationally efficient Reflects physical reality Conducive for the observation of deformation mechanisms

Strain Gradient Distributions at Three Different Indentation Depths Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006 Mechanical Characteristics of Nanotube Junctions Physical Review B, 2006 Nanomechanics and Nanoplasticity FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS

Gas-atomization-produced Nickel-Titanium SMA powders Electro-dissolving SMA Fiber Impurity-Free High-Performance SMA and SMP NANO-SMA/SMP FOR COMPOSITES NEW AND IMPROVED MATRIX PROPERTIES MORPHING AND SHAPE CONTROL FOR PERFORMANCE

Recent Results Taiwan/Korea Nano-Science Initiatives: Leveraging Asia’s  $1.5 billion nano- technology investment National Central University, Taiwan: ROCSAT: Studying low-latitude ionospheric scintillations - communication/navigation outage forecasting Tohoku University, Japan: Tackling Hurdles in Micro-turbine Research: lunch-box- size 100 watt power source, 10 mm rotor, 1 million rpm bearing Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: Gaining access to HyShot flight data from world’s 1 st in-flight scramjet combustor test (Mach 7.5) Cooperative Operation of UAVs: Australian Center for Field Robotics (ACFR): Multi- objective control laws & cooperative airborne inertial - SLAM Photo Courtesy of Dr. Allan Paull Photo courtesy of Dr. Sukkarieh Photo courtesy of Dr. Isomura