BSAD 221 Introductory Financial Accounting Donna Gunn, CA

Matching Principle Revenues are recorded when earned. Expenses are recorded when incurred. Because transactions occur over time, ADJUSTMENTS are required at the end of each fiscal period to get the revenues and expenses into the “right” period.

Accounting Cycle During the period: Analyze transactions. Record journal entries. Post amounts to general ledger Prepare financial statements Provide statements to users At the end of the period: Adjust revenues and expenses Close revenues, gains, expenses, and losses to Retained Earnings.

The Unadjusted Trial Balance A listing of individual accounts, usually in financial statement order. Ending debit or credit balances are listed in two separate columns. Total debit account balances should equal total credit account balances. A listing of individual accounts, usually in financial statement order. Ending debit or credit balances are listed in two separate columns. Total debit account balances should equal total credit account balances. DUCHARME, INC. Unadjusted Trial Balance December 31, 2011 Description Debit Credit Cash $3,900 Accounts receivable 4,985 Inventory 3,300 Equipment 4,800 Accumulated amortization - equip. $1,440 Furniture and fixtures 6,600 Accumulated amortization – furn.&fix. 2,200 Accounts payable 2,985 Notes payable 4,000 Common shares 10,000 Retained earnings 1,760 Sales revenues 35,000 Cost of goods sold 27,500 Operating expenses 6,300 Totals $57,385

Note that total debits = total credits

The Unadjusted Trial Balance do not If total debits do not equal total credits on the trial balance, errors have occurred... in preparing balanced journal entries, in posting the correct dollar effects of a transaction, in computing ending balances in accounts, in copying ending balances from the ledger to the trial balance.

Adjusting Entries There are two types of adjusting entries. DEFERRALS Receipts of assets or payments of cash in advance of revenue or expense recognition. ACCRUALS Revenues earned or expenses incurred that have not been previously recorded.

Examples of Items to Adjust Accruals Interest earned during the period Wages earned but not yet paid Deferred Adjustments to unearned revenue

Deferred Revenue On December 1, 2011, Tom’s Rentals received a cheque for $3,000, for the first four months’ rent from a new tenant. The entry on December 1, 2011, to record the receipt of the prepaid rent payment would be...

Deferred Revenue This is a LIABILITY account On December 1, 2011, Tom’s Rentals received a cheque for $3,000, for the first four months’ rent from a new tenant. The entry on December 1, 2011, to record the receipt of the prepaid rent payment would be... Cash$3,000 Unearned Rent Revenue $3,000

Deferred Revenue Received cash for rent 12/1/1112/31/06 Year end 1/31/072/28/073/31/07 We must record the amount of rent EARNED during December. Since the prepayment is for 4 months, we can assume that 1/4 of the rent will be earned each month. We must record the amount of rent EARNED during December. Since the prepayment is for 4 months, we can assume that 1/4 of the rent will be earned each month.

Deferred Revenue On December 31, 2011, Tom’s Rentals must adjust the Unearned Rent Revenue account to reflect that one month of rent revenue has been earned. $3,000 × 1/4 = $750 per month. Unearned rent revenue750 Rent revenue750 In effect, our obligation to let them occupy the space for a period of time has decreased because they used the space for one month.

Accrued Revenues When revenues are earned but not yet recorded at the end of the accounting period because cash changes hands after the service is performed or goods delivered

Accrued Revenues On October 1, 2011, Webb, Inc. invests $10,000 for 6 months in a bond that pays 6% interest per year. Webb will not receive the interest until the bond matures on March 31, On December 31, 2011, Webb, Inc. must make an entry for the interest earned so far.

Accrued Revenues On October 1, 2011, Webb, Inc. invests $10,000 for 6 months in a bond that pays 6% interest per year. Webb will not receive the interest until the bond matures on March 31, On December 31, 2011, Webb, Inc. must make an entry for the interest earned so far. Interest Receivable150 Interest Revenue150 $10,000 x 6% x 3/12 = $150

Chart for Deferred and Accrued Revenues

Deferred Expenses On January 1, 2011, Matrix, Inc. paid $3,600 for a 3-year fire insurance policy. They are paying in advance for a resource they will use over a 3-year period. The entry on January 1, 2011, to record the policy on Matrix’s books would appear as follows...

Deferred Expenses On January 1, 2011, Matrix, Inc. paid $3,600 for a 3-year fire insurance policy. They are paying in advance for a resource they will use over a 3-year period. The entry on January 1, 2011, to record the policy on Matrix’s books would appear as follows... Prepaid insurance$3,600 Cash$3,600 ASSET This is an ASSET account

Deferred Expenses Paid cash for insurance 1/1/0612/31/06 Year end 12/31/07 Year end 12/31/07 Year end At the end of 2011, we determine how much of the “prepaid expense” has been used up during the period. Since the policy is for 3 years, we can assume that 1/3 of the policy will expire each year.

Deferred Expenses On December 31, 2011, Tipton must adjust the Prepaid Insurance account to reflect that 1 year of the policy has expired. Insurance Expense$1,200 Prepaid Insurance$1,200 $3,600 × 1/3 = $1,200 per year. ▼ ▲ In effect, the prepaid asset goes down▼, while the expense goes up▲.

Accrued Expenses Recall that accrued expenses are expenses incurred in the current period but not billed or paid until the next accounting period. Common examples are interest expense incurred on debt, wages expense owed to employees, and utilities expense. Recall that accrued expenses are expenses incurred in the current period but not billed or paid until the next accounting period. Common examples are interest expense incurred on debt, wages expense owed to employees, and utilities expense.

Accrued Expenses As of 12/27/11, Denton, Inc. had already paid $1,900,000 in wages for the year. Denton pays its employees every Friday. Year-end, 12/31/11, falls on a Wednesday. The employees have earned total wages of $50,000 for Monday through Wednesday of the week ending 1/02/12.

Accrued Expenses As of 12/27/11, Denton, Inc. had already paid $1,900,000 in wages for the year. Denton pays its employees every Friday. Year-end, 12/31/11, falls on a Wednesday. The employees have earned total wages of $50,000 for Monday through Wednesday of the week ending 1/02/12. Wage Expense$50,000 Wage Payable$50,000

Chart for Deferred and Accrued Expenses

Accounting Estimates Certain circumstances require adjusting entries to record accounting estimates. Examples include... –Amortization –Bad debts –Income taxes

Accounting Estimates Certain circumstances require adjusting entries to record accounting estimates. Examples include... Amortization Bad debts Income taxes Let’s look at the adjustment for amortization expense.

Amortization The accounting concept of amortization involves the systematic and rational allocation of the cost of a long-term asset to the multiple accounting periods during which it is used to generate revenue. This is a “cost allocation” concept, not a “valuation” concept.

Amortization The required journal entry includes a debit to Amortization expense and a credit to an account called Accumulated amortization. This is called a Contra-Asset account.

Amortization - Example At April 30, 2011, Van Houtte’s trial balance showed Property and equipment of $313,900 (all numbers in thousands) and Accumulated amortization of $195,100. For the period, Van Houtte needs to record an additional $2,400 in amortization. Amortization Expense$2,400 Accumulated Amortization$2,400

Accounting Cycle During the period: Analyze transactions. Record journal entries. Post amounts to general ledger Prepare financial statements Provide statements to users At the end of the period: Adjust revenues and expenses Close revenues, gains, expenses, and losses to Retained Earnings.