TRANSRAPID MANGLEV BY– ISHAAN GUPTA ECE-123 03914802810

OUTLINE Transrapid working Cryogen Working Parts and Principle Germany vs. Japan Advantages Impacts Summary References

Maglev Two Types Full scale speed 500 km/hr

EMS Magnetic attraction Servo-Controlled Electromagnets Types EMS Magnetic attraction Servo-Controlled Electromagnets Iron-plate rail

EDS Magnetic repulsion Superconducting Induction Cryogenic (Electro-Dynamic Suspension) - systems, using cooled magnets on the moving car, repelled by currents in coils embedded in “tracks” on each side of the train. Cryogenic

EMS system: The German Trans-Rapid TR08 demonstration train and 30 kilometer test track, with operating speeds up to 450 km/hr.

EDS system: The Japanese Yamanashi demonstration train, with speeds of 500 km/hr on a 18 kilometer test track.

Maglev working

An on-Board Master computer The magnets on the side => Sharper turns An on-Board Master computer => Efficient Levitation This means there is no friction between the train and the track

Propulsion System

Three Phase Motor GUIDE-WAY

The system consists of aluminum three-phase cable windings in stator packs on guide way. When current is supplied to the windings, it creates a traveling alternating current that propels the train. When AC is reversed, the train brakes. Different speeds are achieved by varying the intensity of the current. Only a section of track of train travel area is electrified.

The Japanese maglev uses superconducting magnets Levitation The passing of the superconducting magnets by figure eight levitation coils on the side of the tract induces a current in the coils and creates a magnetic field. This pushes the train upward so that it can levitate 10 cm above the track. The train does not levitate until it reaches 50 mph, so it is equipped with retractable wheels. The Japanese maglev uses superconducting magnets

Lateral Guidance The super conducting magnet induces repulsive-attractive forces keeping the train in the center of the guide way.

The German Trans-Rapid Maglev

The Japanese Yamanashi

Swiss-Metro Contactless energy transfer system Linear electric motor and guidance system Magnetic levitation inductor Emergency pavement Emergency guidance And braking system Proposed in 1974, and under study since 1989, the Swiss-Metro system would carry 200 passengers in train cars running every 6 minutes. The trains would operate in tunnels evacuated to 1/10 atmosphere (atmos. pressure at Concorde flying altitude).

Inductrack System Lock./07

The Inductrack System Optimizes levitation efficiency Uses Halbach magnetinc arrays Uses a passive track and permanent magnets Attains levitation at lower speeds Special arrays (Halbach arrays) of permanent magnets are employed, mounted on “bogies” underneath the car. The periodic magnetic fields from the magnet arrays on the moving train car induce currents in a close-packed array of shorted electrical coils in the “track” to produce levitation (above a low “transition” spee

The moving Halbach array magnets induce currents in the close-packed shorted circuits embedded in the track

The levitating force becomes effective at very low vehicle speeds and remains constant at high speeds

The cradle is fabricated from high-modulus carbon-fiber composite to maximize rigidity and minimize weight

track prior to levitation One of 6 magnets (3 front, 3 back) Guide rails to prevent magnets from hitting track prior to levitation One of 6 magnets (3 front, 3 back) that provide levitation and centering forces Steel box beam Drive & levitation coils in track C-fiber cradle with ribs to support magnetic force Fiberglass I-beam The levitated cradle surrounds the “track” that is composed of levitation coils and interleaved drive coils

The Lift-to-drag ratio of the Inductrack increases linearly with speed, and can exceed 200 at maglev train speeds Lock./19

The levitation and drag forces of the Inductrack can be analyzed using circuit theory and Maxwell’s equations

To analyze the Inductrack we start with the equations for the magnetic field components of a Halbach array Br = Remanent field (Tesla), M = no. of magnets/wavelength. d(m) = thickness of Halbach array magnets, k = 2π/l

w = width of Halbach array, L,R = circuit induct./resistance Integrating Bx in y gives the flux linked by the Inductrack circuits and yields equations for the Lift and Drag forces Newtons/circuit Newtons/circuit w = width of Halbach array, L,R = circuit induct./resistance

Dividing <Fy > by <Fx > yields an equation for the Lift-to-Drag ratio as a function of the track circuit parameters. The Lift/Drag ratio increases linearly with velocity, and with the L/R ratio of the Inductrack track circuits.

The levitation efficiency (Newtons/Watt) can be determined directly from the equation for the Lift/Drag ratio Newtons/Watt Typical K values: K=1.0 to 5.0, depending on track design

Application InfoComm

Virtually impossible to derail. Safety Virtually impossible to derail. Collisions between trains unlikely computers are controlling the trains movements.

Maintenance Contactless journey.. SO, NEARLY NO MAINTAINANCE!!

Comfort The ride at nearly 500km/hr is smooth while not sudden accelerating. (Which, is also unlikely!)

The initial investment similar but operating expenses are half. Economic Efficiency The initial investment similar but operating expenses are half. Can take 200-1000 passengers in single run (Maglift is $20-$40 million per mile and I-279 in Pittsburg cost $37 million per mile 17 years ago.)

The linear generators produce electricity for the cabin of the train.

Speed Can travel at about 300 mph. For trips of distances up to 500 miles its total travel time is equal to a planes It can accelerate to 200 mph in 3 miles. =>ideal for short jumps.

Environment Advantages Fuel Speed Fuel Uses less enegy Less fuel used 1/5 of jet 1/3 of car Speed Fuel At 200km/hr->1L At 300km/hr->2L It uses less energy. For 300 km trip with 3 stops, the gasoline/100 miles varies with speed. At 200 km/h-> 1L, at 300 km/h it is 1.5 liters and at 400 km/h it is 2 liters. This is 1/3 the energy used by cars and 1/5 the energy used by jets per mile.

Allows small animals to pass under 5-10 ft Levitation Allows small animals to pass under 10-27 ft Levitation Allows medium animals to pass under 50ft Levitation Allows large animals, humans to pass The tracks have less impact on the environment because the elevated models (50ft in the air) allows all animals to pass, low models ( 5-10 ft) allow small animals to pass, they use less land than conventional trains, and they can follow the landscape better than regular trains since it can climb 10% gradients (while other trains can only climb 4 gradients) and can handle tighter turns.

The train makes little noise because it does not touch the track and it has no motor. Therefore, all noise comes from moving air. This sound is equivalent to the noise produced by city traffic.

Magnetic Field: The magnetic field created is low, therefore there are no adverse effects.

MagLev vs. Conventional Trains MagLev Trains Conventional Trains No Friction = Less Maintenance Routine Maintenance Needed No Engine = No fuel required Engine requires fossil fuels Speeds in excess of 300 mph Speeds up to 110 mph

Summary Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains have been under development for many years in Germany and Japan for high-speed rail systems. Maglev would offer many advantages as compared to conventional rail systems or inter-city air travel. The cost and complexity of presently developed high-speed maglev trains has slowed their deployment. The Inductrack maglev system, employing simple arrays of permanent magnets, may offer an economic alternative to existing maglev systems. The simplicity of the Inductrack may make it attractive for use in a variety of applications, including urban maglev systems, people movers, and point-to-point shipment of high-value freight The Inductrack, employing Halbach arrays, is an example of a practical application of the results of fundamental studies in magnetics and particle-accelerator physics.

References Bonsor, Kevin. “How Maglev Trains Work”. 5 September, 2002. <http://travel.howstuffworks.com/maglev-train.htm> Keating, Oliver. “Maglevs (Magnetically Levitated Trains)”. 16 June, 2000. <http://www.okeating.com/hsr/maglev.htm> Disney Online. “California Screamin’”. August, 1999. <http://disneyland.disney.go.com/disneyland/en_US/parks/attractions/detail?name=CaliforniaScreaminAttractionPage> MagLev Systems. “Electromagnetic Systems”. General Atomics and Affiliated Companies. 2005. <http://www.ga.com/atg/ems.php>. http://www.google.com Lockhem tech.