PRESENTATION BY Dr. C. A. SRINIVASAMURTHY PROFESSOR Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-65 HUMAN URINE A SUPPLEMENT TO CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

Fertilizer Most essential input in the present day agriculture.  Manufactured using fossil fuels,intensive use leads to pollution.  Global consumption of fertilizer has increased by over 31 % from 1996 to per cent increase in developing countries.International Fertilizer Industry Association.  Fertilizer inflation has created a crisis in countries that subsidises fertilizer use for farmers.  In India, the country’s subsidy bill could be as high as 22 billion dollars in as against 4 billion dollars in

ANNUAL PLANT NUTRIENTS TRANSPORT Present Removal of Nutrients -25 mt/ year Addition of Nutrients - 18 mt/ year Projected 2025 Removal of Nutrients -45 mt/ year Addition of nutrients - How much ???

AGRICULTURE POSSIBLE - ALTERNATIVE OPTION WASTES (URINE)

1. 50% Nutrient transported to urban areas. 2. Only 2% is recycled to fields. 3. Nutrient supply mostly through unbalanced use of chemical fertilizers. 4. Animal residues PLANT NUTRIENTS PILING UP IN URBAN AREAS (NEGILIGANT RECYCLING) Animals Chemical fertilizers Recycling 2% only 90% Fertilizers Animal residues City 50% Nutrients N P K

 Indian population- 100,00,00,000  Average – 500 litres of human urine/ person/year  Urine production ,00,00,000 litres/year (50 crores cubic meters / 5000 lakh cubic meters )  Nitrogen content-0.3 %  150,00,00,000 kg of N/year  1.5 kg nitrogen/person/year ParametersVegetarian Non- Vegetarian Nitrogen Phosphorus potassium Sodium LIQUID WASTE GENERATION

Calculated estimation of the excretion in the different countries CountryN kg/cap yr P kg/cap. yr. K kg/cap. yr. Sweden China Haiti India South Africa Uganda Hakan Jonsson (2003)

Table 1.Characterization of anthropogenic liquid waste collected at different dates Sl. No. ParametersNutrient contentAverage 1.pH Electrical conductivity (d Sm -1 ) Biological oxygen demand (mg litre -1 ) Chemical oxygen demand ( mg litre -1 ) Nitrogen (Per cent) Phosphorus (Per cent) Potassium (Per cent) Calcium (meq litre -1 ) Magnesium (meq litre -1 ) Sulphur ( mg litre -1 ) Zinc ( mg litre -1 ) Iron ( mg litre -1 ) Manganese ( mg litre -1 )Trace 14Sodium (Per cent) Carbonate (meq litre -1 ) Bicarbonate (meq litre -1 ) Total dissolve solids ( mg litre -1 ) Total hardness TSS (mg litre -1 )

SAN TO ECOSAN

Effect of urine application on spinach plant - Peter Morgan (2004) -Africa Treatment details: T1-water only T2- 3:1 water/urine Frequency of application :0.5litres 2 X per week

Option for better use of human urine  Soil application- urine as a liquid fertilizer- Maize Ferti-irrigation - Banana

RESEARCH AT UAS- GKVK, BANGALORE

Soil application- urine as a liquid fertilizer Recommendation for Maize crop Chemical fertilizer –150:75:40 kg NPK ha -1 ALW-756 liters/216 m 2, 58, liters ha -1

Studies on the effect of ALW on maize grain yield(q/ha) Treatment Grain yield(q/ha) Control40.37 Chemical fertilizer79.87 Human urine80.95

Tables. Economics of cultivation of maize crop as influenced by application of Human urine Treatments Grain yield (q ha -1 ) Returns (Rs) Stock (Stover yields) (Rs) Gross returns (Rs) Cost of cultivation (Rs) Net returns (Rs) C:B ratio Cost of savings (Rs) T1T :1.66- T2T :3.03- T3T : T4T : T5T : T6T : T7T : T8T : T9T : T : Note Urea- Rs /kg Single super phosphate – Rs.3.50 Mop – Rs. 4.75

Ferti-irrigation - Banana  Fertilizer Recommendation – 400:240:500 kg NPK /ha  ALW-3768 liters/120 plants.  liters. Location- Nagasandra, Farmer name- Prakash

Table Effect of anthropogenic liquid waste on number of hands per bunch, number of fingers hand -1, bunch weight (kg) and yield (t ha -1 ) Treatments No. of hands per bunch No. of fingers\ bunch - 1 Bunch weight (kg) Yields ( t ha -1 ) Control Chemical fertilizer Human urine

IMPACT OF EXCESS USE OF HUMAN URINE ???? Salt build up in soil. Sodium build up in soil leading to soil sodicity. PREVENTIVE MEASURES  Controlled one time land application  Application based on nitrogen requirement of crops

Collection of Human urine Installed –Department of soil science, GKVK, Bangalore

Green house experimental results - French beans

TREATMENTPlant height (cm) No.of leaves Yield fruit weight (g) Human urine Cow urine Chemical fertilizer control Crop : Tomato (Ruchi )

Chemical Fertilizer treated pots Cow urine treated potsHuman urine treated pots LEAFY VEGETABLES- Amaranthus

Chemical fertilizers Cow urine Human urine CAPSICUM

On going experiments at farmers fields

Human urine Cow urine Ash guard