Hickox: Baker Biology Animals Chapter

Classification Based On: Skeletal Structure: (Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate) 1) Invertebrate: an animal that does not have a backbone. Examples: Crabs, spiders, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and beetles. Many invertebrates have a exoskeleton. 2) Vertebrate: an animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone. All vertebrates have bilaterally symmetry. Examples are fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Hickox: Baker Biology

s Invertebrates with Exoskeleton

Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons 3) Exoskeleton - External Skeleton 4) Mollusks or crabs exoskeleton of (calcium carbonate) and Arthropods or insects exoskeleton of (chitin). 5) Endoskeleton - Internal Skeleton 6) Bone and cartilage which grows with the animal. 7) Does not limit space for internal organs, and supports greater weight. Video of Invertebrates

Bone Endoskeleton Backbone animals

Cartilage Internal Skeleton Hickox: Baker Biology

Vertebrates with Endoskeletons and a Backbone Hickox: Baker Biology

Symmetry- Asymmetry, Radial, Bilaterial 8) Asymmetry symmetry- irregularly shaped body as in no symmetry. Example: Sponges. Hickox: Baker Biology

9) Radial Symmetry 10) Can be divided along any plane through a central axis. Example: sand dollar and starfish. Hickox: Baker Biology

Radial Symmetry sea urchin Hickox: Baker Biology

Bilateral symmetry 11) Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves. In bilateral animals, the anterior, or head end, often has sensory organs. The posterior is the tail end and the dorsal is the upper surface. The ventral is the lower surface. Hickox: Baker Biology

12. Name the surface features of each. A. B. C. D. E. 13 Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY

Body Coverings: feathers, fur, scales Hickox: Baker Biology 14) Feathers : lightweight, modified protein scales that: 15) Provides insulation (needed in Endothermic Animals) 16) Enables flight 17) Fur: Hair in Mammals Provides insulation (needed in Endothermic Animals) Protection Endothermic: (Warm blooded), Heat from within the animal

Open or Closed Invertebrate Circulation 18) Two types of circulatory fluids: Blood - contained within blood vessels 19) Open Circulatory System Heart pumps through vessels into tissue spaces. Example: Insects 20) Closed Circulatory System Blood pumped by the heart into a system of blood vessels. Example: Fish, Amphibian Birds, Reptiles, & Mammals

Open Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory System

Hickox: Baker Biology

Transport in Vertebrates 21) All vertebrates have a closed, cardiovascular system. – Atria receive blood and ventricles pump blood out through blood vesicles.  Arteries - Carry blood away from heart.  Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid.  Veins - Return blood to heart.

Comparison of Circulatory Pathways 22) Fish - Blood flows in single loop. – Single atrium(blood in) and single ventricle(blood out). 23) Amphibians - Blood flows in double loop. – Two atria(blood in) with single ventricle(blood out). 24) Other vertebrates - Blood flows in a double loop. Two atria(blood in) and two ventricle(blood out) – Heart divided by septum into separate sides.

Mader: Biology 8 th Ed. Circulatory Circuits

Animal Movement Hickox: Baker Biology 25) Amoeboid movement with its pseudopodiaAmoeboid

Locomotion of Animals Hickox: Baker Biology 26) Use of cilia in the Parameciumcilia Paramecium videosvideos

27) Locomotion in animals with a flagella (whip like)flagella 24 Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY

Ectoderm vs. Endotherm Hickox: Baker Biology 28) Endotherm is an animal that maintains a nearly constant body temperature that is not dependent on the environmental temperature. Birds are endothermic (warm blooded) Mammals are endothermic (warm blooded) Feathers and fur reduce heat loss in cold temperatures Body temperature remains relatively Constant.

Ectoderm vs. Endotherm Hickox: Baker Biology 29) Ectotherm: is a animal that has a variable body temperature and gets its heat from external sources. An ectotherm may become dormant as temperature drops. Amphibians are ectothermic (cold blooded) Reptiles are ectothermic (cold blooded) Body temperature raises and falls according to the external temperature.

Dry vs. Wet Skin Hickox: Baker Biology 30) Dry Skin: Reptiles have a dry skin with scales, while Amphibians have a Wet Skin that is smooth. Reptiles Reptiles AmphibiansAmphibians Usually tetrapod Lungs usually present in adults. Metamorphosis Smooth and moist skin. Three-chambered heart. Ectothermic Usually tetrapod Lungs with expandable rib cage Shelled amniotic egg Dry, scaly skin Ectothermic

External and Internal Fertilization Hickox: Baker Biology 31) Most animals reproduce sexually. Male animals produce sperm cells and female animals produce egg cells. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, forming a new cell called a zygote. In animals, fertilization may be internal or external. Sponges have external and internal fertilizationSponges have external and internal fertilization. Sponge feeding

External and Internal Fertilization Hickox: Baker Biology External Fertilization 32) Many gametes are released usually in water by each sex requires water for sperm to swim to egg animals are aquatic or return to water for reproduction fish, amphibians are example of external fertilizers. Internal Fertilization 33) practiced by species that lay shelled eggs or have a period of internal embryonic development. mammals and birds are examples of internal fertilizers mammalsbirds