Animal Reproduction Obj. 8.01

Reproductive Terminology Castration - removing the male testicles to prevent breeding Colostrum - the first milk that a baby mammal needs for immunity Estrus - the time that a female is in heat Estrus Cycle - the length of time from one cycle to the next cycle

Reproductive Terminology Gestation - the time an animal is pregnant Puberty - the age an animal reaches maturity Lactation - the time period where female gives milk Parturition - the act of giving birth Ovulation - the release of the egg from the ovary Fertilization - the union of sperm and egg

Reproductive Traits SpeciesAge Range at Puberty Avg. Length of Estrus Cycle Avg. Length of Estrus Avg. Length of Gestation Cattle6-8 months21 days16-18 hours283 days Swine4-7 months21 days3 days114 days Sheep4-8 months22 days30 hours148 days Goat1 st Autumn22 days2.5 days151 days

Female Reproductive Tract Ovaries – Description: oval shaped organs located near the end of the reproductive tract – Function: produce eggs

Female Reproductive Tract Oviducts – Description: small tubes near ovaries and have a funnel-shaped end near the ovary – Function: carries eggs from ovaries to uterus. Also called fallopian tubes

Female Reproductive Tract Infundibulum – Description: Funnel-shaped end of each oviduct – Function: picks up eggs at ovulation and directs eggs into the oviduct

Female Reproductive Tract Uterus – Description: organ with two horn-shaped attachments called uterine horns – Function: where growth and development of fetus takes place

Female Reproductive Tract Cervix – Description: thick wall structure made up of folds and rings of muscular tissue. Located at the neck of uterus. Separates the uterus from the vagina – Function: passageway for sperm from the vagina to the uterus. Also seals the uterus during pregnancy to prevent pathogens from affecting the fetus

Female Reproductive Tract Vagina – Description: connect the vulva to the cervix – Function: serves as a passageway for baby to pass through at birth

Female Reproductive Tract Vulva – Description: external opening made up of folds of skin – Function: External opening to female reproductive and urinary systems

Male Reproductive Tract Scrotum – Description: saclike part outside livestock that holds the testicles – Function: holds and protects the testicles

Male Reproductive Tract Testes or Testicles – Description: two oval structures inside the scrotum – Function: produce sperm and male sex hormones

Male Reproductive Tract Epididymis – Description: Long coiled tube connected to each testicle – Function: Stores sperm until maturity

Male Reproductive Tract Vas Deferens – Description: Tube that connects epididymis to urethra – Function: passageway for sperm from epididymis to urethra

Male Reproductive Tract Seminal Vesicles – Description: Gland that opens into urethra – Function: Produce a fluid that protects sperm

Male Reproductive Tract Prostate Gland – Description: Gland near urethra and bladder – Function: Produces a fluid mixed with seminal fluid

Male Reproductive Tract Cowper’s Gland – Description: Gland near urethra – Function: Produces a fluid that cleans the urethra to protect the sperm

Male Reproductive Tract Penis – Description: rod like tissue covered by the sheath – Function: deposits semen into female

Male Reproductive Tract Sheath – Description: Skin that covers the penis – Function: Protects the penis from injury

Poultry Reproductive System The major difference between mammals and poultry is that embryos develop inside of mammals and outside of poultry in an egg Only the left ovary functions in chickens Chickens lay eggs every hours Eggs that are consumers are not fertilized Chicken eggs incubate for 21 days Turkey eggs incubate for 28 days

Poultry Reproductive Tract Ovary – Description: cluster of yellow, round eggs yolks – Function: Produces ova and hormones

Poultry Reproductive Tract Infundibulum – Description: Funnel shaped structure below ovary – Function: Where fertilization takes place

Poultry Reproductive Tract Oviduct - a tube structure that consists of five parts: – Magnum: secrets egg white – Isthmus: adds the two shell membranes – Uterus: secretes the shell and shell pigment – Vagina: holds the egg until its laid

Poultry Reproductive Tract Cloaca – Description: Located between vent and base of oviduct – Function: where the male bird deposits semen

Poultry Reproductive Tract Vent – Description: Outside opening to the poultry reproductive tract – Function: Expels eggs and waste

Animal Parturition Normal birthing position – Front feet first – Nose tucked between front legs – Shoulders – Body – Hips – Back legs Anything other than that way is a PROBLEM

Correct Position

Incorrect Birthing Positions

Parturition Process Increased estrogen causes the uterus muscles to contract Water bag breaks Second water bag (fetus) breaks and presentation of baby appears Several hours later the placenta and afterbirth are expelled. If not, the animal will get sick