CAFO Fact Sheets CLASS ASSIGNMENT, SEPTEMBER 30, 2013

We will review the Fact Sheets together Did I capture the essence of the report? What is missing? What is the most important point for the class to know?

CAFOs and Public Health: The Fate of Unabsorbed Antibiotics Publication ID-348 Author(s): Paul Ebner Antibiotics are used in feed animal production: ◦Therapeutically – typically high doses ◦Sub-therapeutically – typically low doses A portion of a dose of antibiotics is not absorbed but excreted in feces or urine Antibiotics can degrade or runoff when in a manure pit or field; spreading manure is effective to eliminate unabsorbed antibiotics Some antibiotics can bind strongly to soil and degrades more slowly Concentrations of antibiotics found in soils that could impact human health (?? FDA) to be an appreciable health risk

CAFOs and Public Health: The Issue of Antibiotic Resistance Publication ID-349 Author(s): Paul Ebner Antibiotics are produced by bacteria and molds to eliminate competition Some bacteria that don’t produce antibiotics have acquired antibiotic resistance Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens could be problematic if an infected person seeking treatment is administered the drug to which the pathogen is resistant Many non—pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted among humans The use of drugs may be needed in extreme illnesses if resistance is noticed On-farm development of antibiotic resistance is much higher because of the use There is little agreement on whether antibiotic use in food animal production poses a risk to humans

CAFOs and Public Health: Pathogens and Manure Publication ID-356 Author(s): Paul Ebner Livestock manure contains harmful disease causing bacteria Improper manure application as fertilizer can lead to water contamination – IN regulations do not allow direct discharge of manure into water The most effective tool in eliminating pathogens from manure is time (both practical and economic) CAFO operators are required to produce a management plan to describe actions to prevent over-fertilization and contamination of waterways

CAFOs and Public Health: Emissions and the Respiratory Health of Neighbors Publication ID-358 Author(s): Samantha K. Wall & Paul Ebner Major CAFO emissions of concern: hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and organic dirt ◦Can harm the pulmonary health of workers in confinement buildings ◦No difference in two groups (exposed to CAFO air and not) in objective health measures, but the CAFO-exposed group reported headaches, nausea, and eye irritation ◦CAFOs contribute less ammonia than pets and household cleaners ◦Schools close to a CAFO reported higher numbers of children with physician- diagnosed asthma than others

CAFOs and Public Health: Risk Associated with Welfare Friendly Farming Publication ID-359 Author(s): Rachel Dennis Conventional poultry farming systems often include sub-therapeutic amounts of antibiotics in feed to prevent disease and improve production performance – are these transferred through meat? About 25% of birds in both systems (?) tested positive for salmonella In 1996 the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Program was established (FDA & CDC) Chicken raised in free-range/organic systems have higher prevalence (?) and more diverse populations of gastrointestinal parasites than birds raised in conventional housing facilities Gastrointestinal parasite populations of ground-fed birds is an indicator of the loval environmental populations (?)

CAFOs and Public Health: Odor and its Possible Health Effects Publication ID-361 Author(s): Paul Ebner Livestock odors are primarily generated from manure Impacts ◦Most common human reaction – change in mood ◦Can cause an increase in blood pressure and blood sugar levels ◦Cannot make humans sick directly, but can trigger psychological factors that contribute to a reaction ◦Physical symptoms including headaches, nausea, and irritation of the eyes, nose, & throat ◦Reactions to odors affect people in different ways and result in different reactions through various situations

Community Impacts of CAFOs: Labor Markets Publication ID-362 Author(s): Roman Keeney The public is becoming increasingly suspicious/community discord of large CAFOs Animal agriculture may be aggressively singled out by opponents CAFOs have increased farm employment ( ) Average wages are about $13.88/hour ◦Swine CAFO workers tended to receive highest wages ($15.54); dairy was the lowest ($12.27) Specialized skills are necessary for many operations (hence the higher wages)

Community Impacts of CAFOs: Growing Trends Publication ID-364 Author(s): Roman Keeney CAFO growth is facilitated by contractual agreement Most operators are between 90 & 95% permitted capacity Confined animal feeding is a dominant force in the growth of local livestock populations ◦Dairy populations tripled in Benton & Jasper counties ◦10% increase in finishing hogs ◦50% increase in livestock sales between 1997 and 2002 ◦Most operators were between 90 & 95% of their permit levels for all animals

CAFOs and Community Conflict: Understanding Community Conflict Publication ID-365 Author(s): Janet Ayres CAFOs are private decisions that become public issues Bring people with different views together early on Structure – who/how are they being regulated Interests – people enter public meetings with mind already made up Larger operation. More profits 75 Farm wage more 60-70% NO

CAFOs and Community Conflict: Understanding Conflict Between Individuals Publication ID-366 Author(s): Janet Ayres Expansion of CAFOS create high levels of conflict Disagreements don’t’ have to be resolved.. All parties can “agree to disagree” No personal accusations, threats or name calling Try to persuade and thing about it before hand (?) Deal with differences Try to compromise