What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are  A 100-year-old technology enhanced by modern materials  Based on polarization of an electrolyte, high surface area electrodes, and extremely small charge separation  Known as Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors and Supercapacitors

C = e r A/d Minimize (d) Maximize (A) E = 1/2 CV 2 Dielectric Film foil Electrode Electrolyte ECDL Separator What is an Ultracapacitor?: Ultracapacitors Are

 Series/Parallel configurations  Changes capacitor size; profiles are the same  Series configurations  Capacitance decreases, Series Resistance increases  C s =C cell /(#of cells in series)R s =R cell *(# of cells in series)  Parallel configurations  Capacitance increases, Series Resistance decreases  C P =C cell *(# of cells in parallel)R P =R cell /(# cells in parallel)  Current controlled  Use output current profile to determine dV/dt  dV = I * (dt/C + ESR) Basic Model

What is an Ultracapacitor?: Performance Characteristics  Ultracapacitors perform mid-way between conventional capacitors and electrochemical cells (batteries)  Fast charge and discharge capability  Highly reversible process, hundreds of thousands of cycles  Lower energy than a battery  ~10% of battery energy  Greater energy than electrolytic capacitors  Excellent low temperature performance

Application Model

When Can I Use an Ultracapacitor?  Applications that require high reliability back-up power solutions  Short term bridge power ( seconds) for transfer to secondary source or orderly shut down  Power quality ride-through to compensate for momentary severe voltage sags  Power buffer for large momentary in-rush or power surges

Back-Up Power Support  Ultracapacitors provide peak power…...and back-up power. Required Power Available Power Ultracapacitor Backup Power

Peak Power Shaving  Ultracapacitors provide peak power... Available Power Required Power Ultracapacitor Peak Power

Available Performance Lead Acid Battery UltracapacitorConventional Capacitor Charge Time 1 to 5 hours0.3 to 30 seconds10 -3 to seconds Discharge Time 0.3 to 3 hours0.3 to 30 seconds10 -3 to seconds Energy (Wh/kg) 10 to 1001 to 10<0.1 Cycle Life 1000> Specific Power (W/kg) <1000<10000< Charge/discharge efficiency 0.7 to to 0.98>0.95 Technology Comparison

Fuel Cells

Ultracapacitor World Market Consumer Products Car Audio PDA Toys Memory Backup Industrial Remote Monitoring Handheld Instrumentation Short term Back-up Power Automation/Robotics Transportation Hybrid Bus/Truck Engine Starting Light Hybrid Local Power Rail

Markets and Applications: Consumer Electronics  Market needs include:  Miniaturization  Burst-mode transmission  Compatibility with new/divergent designs  Greater functionality due to merging of protocols

 Requires smaller/more efficient devices  Burst Mode Transmission  Requires compatibility with lower voltage power supplies  Uses 1/2 voltage but requires at least 2 times current to maintain same power output  Allows for lower cost primary batteries instead of rechargeable batteries Markets and Applications: Miniaturization

 Price/performance/size improvements  Allows batteries to be sized for energy requirements, not power  Allows use of alternative, less expensive chemistries  Extends device use time by up to 100%  Allows primary (non-rechargeable) batteries to be used for lower cost and convenience  Allows smaller battery size while still meeting peak power requirements Markets and Applications: Ultracapacitor Benefits

PowerBurst Ultracapacitors: Cells  Cylindrical radial leaded devices  0.5 Farad to 100 Farad, with other values on request  2.7 Volts  Drop-in replacement to Panasonic, Ness, and others

 Maxwell parts inside PC5 and PC10 cells  Active or Passive balancing  5.0 Volts to 25 Volts standard & customs  U.S. design and prototyping, Asian production.  Custom circuits and packaging available using PC or TPL cells. PowerBurst Ultracapacitors: Modules

Ultracapacitor Cell Balancing: Why Cell Balancing?  Achieve cell to cell voltage balance  Accounts for variations in capacitance and leakage current, initial charge and voltage dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage dependent on leakage current.  Reduces voltage stress on an individual cell  Increase overall reliability of the individual cells

Ultracapacitor Cell Balancing 300mA balancer for 50 & 60mm Ø cells 10mA balancer for 5F & 10F cells  Low cost  Scalable balance current  10mA, 300mA circuits  Very low quiescent current (<20µA)  No on/off required  Modular installation  N cells require N-1 circuits  Voltage independent

Ultracapacitor Aging  Unlike batteries, ultracapacitors do not have hard end- of-life criteria  Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent through a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in resistance  End of life is when the capacitance and resistance are out of the application range, and this will differ depending on the application.  Therefore, life prediction is easily done

UC Benefits Summary  Calendar life  Function of average voltage and temperature  Cycle life  Function of average voltage and temperature  Charge acceptance  Charge as fast as discharge, limited only by heating  Temperature  High temp; no thermal runaway  Low temp; -40°C

UC Benefits Summary  No fixed V OC  Control flexibility; context-dependent voltage is permitted  Power source voltage compatibility  Examples: Fuel cells, photovoltaics  No V min  Cell can be discharged to 0 Volts  Control safety: no over-discharge  Service safety

UC Benefits Summary  Cell voltage management  Only required to prevent individual cell over-voltage  State of charge and state of health  State of charge equals V OC  Dynamic measurements for C and EST equals state of health  No historical data required

Inventory Management Services  Warehousing and Material Management  N. America & Asia  Schedule Share, Demand Pull, Consignment, EDI  NPI facility in San Diego for quickturn custom modules.  Third Party warehousing  Customer specific programs tailored to individual needs