Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 5 History and Organization of Law Enforcement

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 2 A brief history of the police Police in early England The form of policing that most directly led to that of modern US policing was England's frankpledge system.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 3 The invention of gin advanced the development of law enforcement by making hard liquor affordable for many people. A brief history of the police Police in early England

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 4 Henry Fielding organized the Bow Street Runners, which was more centralized than the watch-and-ward system. A brief history of the police Police in early England

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 5 In 1798, the West India Trading Company created London's first professional, salaried police force, the Thames River Police. A brief history of the police Police in early England

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 6 In 1829, Sir Robert Peel sponsored the Metropolitan Police Act, the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force. A brief history of the police Police in early England

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 7 English policing contributed three features to US policing… Limited police authority Local control A fragmented system A brief history of the police Police in early England

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 8 The 19 th century Policing in the United States Informal policing began in New York City in The city's first professional police force was organized in 1845.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 9 The 19 th century Policing in the United States The authority of officers in London rested on discretion granted by the government. New York City officers had more discretion, with a personal basis for authority.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 10 The 19 th century Policing in the United States Chicago's official police force was created around 1855, and reorganized several times until Chicago police had four particular orientations toward the law…

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 11 The 19 th century Policing in the United States Chicago police and courts were highly decentralized. Chicago police were at the command of local organizations. Chicago criminal justice institutions developed informal systems of operation. Chicago criminal justice institutions operated as rackets.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 12 The vigilante tradition was part of American life, especially in the South and West. The 19 th century Policing in the United States

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 13 Introduction of police professionalism Reformers & Reform Efforts The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 The Wickersham Commission & August Vollmer Orlando Wilson J. Edgar Hoover

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 14 Introduction of police professionalism Reformers & Reform Efforts The 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act basically formed a civil service system that dispensed with patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit rather than political connections.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 15 Introduction of police professionalism Reformers & Reform Efforts In 1931, August Vollmer wrote the Wickersham Commission report that affected police reform for the rest of the 20 th century. Features of the progressive movement included an emphasis on technology.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 16 Introduction of police professionalism Reformers & Reform Efforts Orlando W. Wilson increased police efficiency by assigning officers based on the amount of reported crime and calls for service.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 17 Introduction of police professionalism Reformers & Reform Efforts J. Edgar Hoover championed police professionalism and built the FBI into one of the premier law enforcement agencies in the world.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 18 CrossCurrents A brief history of the police Frontier justice As pioneers flooded into the West seeking land, economic opportunities, or distance from government, the frontier outgrew the ability of the country to formally police it.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 19 Modern police organization  Police department organization varies little.  Most have uniforms, ranks, hierarchical chains of command, and centralized decision-making.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 20 Modern Police Organization Crucial differences between the police and the military… Discretion Visibility Authority

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 21 Modern Police Organization Problem of Jurisdiction What has been sacrificed in coordination and efficiency has been gained in responsiveness and accountability Policing is fragmented More than 18,000 agencies nationwide

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 22 Levels of law enforcement Federal level State level Local level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 23 Levels of law enforcement Federal level Agencies have nationwide jurisdiction, but concentrate on specific crimes. About 60 federal law enforcement agencies are organized under the… Department of Justice Department of the Treasury Department of Homeland Security

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 24 Federal Bureau of Investigation Nationwide jurisdiction to combat federal crimes. Secret Service Placed under Homeland Security, its mission has been expanded to include terrorism. Levels of law enforcement Federal level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 25 There are many variations in agency organization from state to state. State industry or culture can determine the type of state police agencies. Many states have bureaus of investigation. Levels of law enforcement State level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 26 Many states have organized their state law enforcement functions under their highway patrols. All states have a highway patrol, except for Hawaii. Levels of law enforcement State level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 27 Levels of law enforcement Local level Local law enforcement agencies handle most crime. Most local police forces are operated by municipalities. About 13,000 local police departments in the United States. The largest is the New York City Police Department.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 28 Levels of law enforcement Local level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 29 Sheriff's offices are the most common form of county law enforcement in the US, with about 3,100 offices. Most sheriffs are elected. Most offices run at least one jail. Levels of law enforcement Local level

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 30 Innovations in Policing Innovations in policing come from three sources: Social and technological changes Research New ideas.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 31 Innovations in Policing Social and Technological Changes Homeland security Less-than-lethal weapons Information technology DNA databases Crime mapping

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 32 Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes Homeland Security Role expansion Racial and ethnic profiling Immigration enforcement Personnel shortages

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 33 Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes Less-than-lethal Weapons Weapons that are not intended to kill Protect police Potential for misuse

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 34 Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes Information Technology DNA databases NDIS CODIS Crime mapping Geographic maps of where criminal offenses occur and where suspects and offenders live

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 35 Innovations in policing Innovations from Research Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Rand Study of Detectives The DARE program Project Ceasefire

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 36 Innovations in Policing: Research Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment  Examined the effectiveness of police patrol  Decreasing or increasing routine patrols had no effect on crime citizen fear of crime, or community attitudes toward the police.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 37 Innovations in Policing: Research Rand Study of Detectives  Examined how effective detectives are in solving crimes.  Suggested that a rethinking about the duties of detectives warrants new ways of doing investigative work.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 38 Innovations in Policing: Research DARE  The Drug Abuse Resistance Education program was started 1983 by the LAPD and Los Angeles schools.  Recent evaluations suggest the program does little to prevent children from using drugs.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 39 Innovations in Policing: Research Project Ceasefire  Part of the Boston Gun Project  An effort to stem youth violence  Youths were informed that further violence would not be tolerated.

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/e John Randolph Fuller © 2010 Pearson Higher Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 40 Questions Why is Miranda v. Arizona important? How are the police different from the military? Which level of law enforcement agency handles most of the nation’s crime? How has the focus on terrorism changed US law enforcement?