Biochemistry

The Atom  Smallest unit of an ____________  Three particles –Protons (___ charge) –Neutrons (__ charge) –Electrons (__ charge)  _________ contains protons and neutrons

Elements  Pure substance consisting of only one type of ___________  Listed in the _______________  Atoms of each element differ by the # of ___________

Isotopes  Atoms of an element with different number of __________  Atomic # is the _____; mass # is _________  Most have same chemical properties

Radioactive Isotopes  Uses of radioactive isotopes –Dating of rocks and fossils –Treating cancer –Killing bacteria on food –Trace movements of substances within the body

Chemical Compounds  Substance of two or more ________ in definite proportions  __________ chemical properties than the original elements  Compound composition given in chemical formula –Examples: ______________

Chemical Reactions  Breaking and forming ________________  _______- original elements or compounds  _______- ending elements or compounds

Monomer vs Polymer  ___________- basic repeating building block  _________- two monomers connected together  _________- many monomers connected together

Dehydration Synthesis  Building larger molecules from smaller ones (requires energy)  Monomer → Polymer

Hydrolysis  Break down large molecules into smaller ones (releases energy)  Polymer → Monomer

Carbon Compounds Condensation/Synthesis Hydrolysis Monomer Polymer

What is So Special About Carbon?  Carbon can bond with ______ other atoms  Creates a great variety of different compounds  Can for complex molecules including __________________________

Carbohydrates  Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio  Monomers –Monosaccharide –Examples: _______________________  Dimers –Disaccharides –Examples: _______________________  Polymers –Polysaccharides –Examples: _________________________

Carbohydrates (cont)

CHITIN Cellulose

Uses for Carbohydrates  Provide ________ for body functions  Used to build nucleic acids  Other ____________ functions

Tests for Carbohydrates  Benedict’s Test for ________ sugars  Iodine Test for __________ Sugars

Lipids  Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have P)  Triglyceride –1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains –Examples: _______________________  Phospholipid –1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains –Example: __________________________  Steroid –4 Carbon ring structure –Example: ____________________________

Lipids (cont)

Cholesterol Progesterone Testosterone

Uses for Lipids  ___________ source  Padding and insulation  Structural  _______________

Tests for Lipids  Sudan IV Test  Newspaper Test

Nucleic Acid  Made of C, H, O, N and P  Monomer- ___________  DNA –Sugar- Deoxyribose –Nitrogen Bases- _________  RNA –Sugar- Ribose –Nitrogen Bases- __________ Phosphate Sugar Nitrogen Base

DNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate = Deoxyribose = Adenine = Guanine = Thymine = Cytosine Purines Pyrimidines

DNA STRUCTURE A = T G = C AT G C

Nucleic Acid (cont)

RNA NUCLEOTIDE = Phosphate = Ribose = Adenine = Guanine = Uracil = Cytosine Purines Pyrimidines

RNA STRUCTURE Single-stranded

Uses for Nucleic Acids  Genetic code

ATP Structure Ribose Phosphates High Energy Bonds Adenine Adenosine

ADP

AMP

Rechargeable Battery

Protein  Made of C, H, O, S, and N  Monomer –___________(20 found in body)  Polymer –______________ –Amino Acids are held together by peptide bond

Amino Acid Structure C H3N+H3N+ R H COOH

Amino Acid Structure

Polypeptide H3N+H3N+ R COOH H C H3N+H3N+ R H C H3N+H3N+ R H C H3N+H3N+ R H C

Uses for Proteins  Structural  ______________  Transport  _______________

Test for Protein Biuret Test

Energy of Reactions  Reaction Types –Energy _____________  Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast)  Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn started  At end of the rxn, energy released into environment –Energy _____________  Rxn is not spontaneous  _____________ energy- energy needed to get the rxn started  At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from environment

Reaction Diagrams

Enzymes  __________ for rxn (speeds it up)  ___________ (reactant) enters active site of enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex; after rxn product leaves  Enzyme is unchanged

Action of Enzymes  Speeds up rxn by _________________________________

Enzyme Reaction Rates  Rates can be affected by –________________ –____________ –____________________

Dissociation of Water

pH Scale  Scale measuring amount of ______(really H 3 O + )  Ranges from _______  Below 7- _______ –Higher H +  Above 7- _______ –Higher OH -  7- ________ –Equal numbers of both