Cardiovascular System Pathology Medical Terminology Chapter 5

Atheroma ather/o = plaque -oma = tumor Plaque within the arterial wall

Atherosclerosis athero = fatty plaque sclerosis = abnormal hardening Hardening & narrowing of arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque

Angina pectoris Severe episodes of spasmodic choking chest pain

Ischemia Deficiency of blood supply due to constriction or obstruction of blood vessels

Infarct Localized area of necrosis caused by an interruption of blood supply

Myocardial infarction (MI) Heart attack Closing off of a coronary artery resulting in an infarct of the affected myocardium

Coronary artery disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries that may cause angina, myocardial infarction & sudden death End-stage CAD: final phase with severe angina & severely limited lifestyle

Congestive heart failure (CHF) Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs; leads to fluid accumulation in legs, lungs

Forms of Carditis Endocarditis: inflammation of the inner layer of the heart Bacterial endocarditis: inflammation of the lining or valves of heart caused by bacteria Myocarditis: inflammation of the myocardium Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium

Valvulitis valvul/o = valve -itis = inflammation

Mitral valve prolapse Protrusion of the mitral valve thus incomplete closure of the valve

Mitral stenosis Abnormal narrowing of the mitral valve also tricuspid

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia Irregular rhythm of the heart

Bradycardia brady = slow card = heart -ia = abnormal condition Abnormally slow heartbeat

Flutter Atrial contractions are rapid but regular

Tachycardia tachy = fast card = heart -ia = abnormal condition Abnormally fast heart rate

Paroxysmal tachycardia Sudden onset of fast heartbeat

Fibrillation Rapid, random, & ineffective heart contractions Atrial fibrillation (A-fib): atria faster than ventricles Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib): fatal unless reversed by electric defibrillation

Angi/o = vessel Angiitis or vasculitis Angionecrosis Angiospasm Angiostenosis

Hemangioma hemangi/o = blood vessel -oma = tumor benign tumor of blood vessels

Hypoperfusion Deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part

Aneurysm Localized balloon like enlargement of the wall of an artery

Arter/o, arteri/o = artery Arteritis Polyarteritis Arteriosclerosis

Raynaud’s phenomenon Intermittent attacks of pallor, cyanosis, & redness of fingers & toes secondary to arterial contraction & caused by cold or emotion

Phlebitis phleb/o = vein -itis = inflammation Inflammation of a vein

Varicose veins Abnormally swollen veins usually occurring in the legs

Thrombus & Embolus Thrombus: blood clot attached to wall of a vein or artery Embolus: foreign object, such as blood clot or tissue, that is circulating in blood stream

Thrombotic occlusion Blocking of an artery by a clot

Coronary thrombosis Damage to the heart caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

Embolism Blockage of a vessel by an embolus

Hemochromatosis (iron overload disease) Hem/o = blood Chromat/o = color -osis = abnormal condition Genetic disorder in which intestines absorb too much iron

Septicemia (blood poisoning) Presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

Cholesterol Lipids that travel in the blood stream as lipoproteins Low density lipoprotein (LDL): bad cholesterol; excess contribute to plaque buildup HDL: good cholesterol

-penia = deficiency of Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia

Erythrocytosis erythr/o = red cyt/o = cell -osis = abnormal condition Abnormal increase in number of RBCs

Leukemia leuk/o = white -emia = blood condition Malignancy with progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes

Anemia an- = without or less than -emia = blood condition Lower than normal numbers of RBCs

Aplastic anemia Absence of all formed blood elements due to failure of blood cell production in bone marrow

Hemolytic anemia hem/o = blood -lytic = to destroy Blood cells destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them

Megaloblastic anemia Bone marrow produces large abnormal RBCs with a reduced ability to transport oxygen; usually from a vitamin deficiency

Pernicious anemia RBCs are abnormally formed due to an inability to absorb Vitamin B12

Sickle cell anemia Genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin & RBCs have a sickle shape

Hypertension=high blood pressure Essential or primary hypertension: unknown cause Secondary hypertension: caused by a different medical problem such as kidney disease Malignant hypertension: sudden onset of severely elevated blood pressure