Recap How can these factors lead to food shortages? Causes of food shortages Conflict/war Disease HIV/Aids Natural disasters Role of women environment Corrupt Government Water scarcity Free Trade

Factors affecting development Social Economic Political

Education Problems Lesson Aims I will learn 1.The importance of Education to the development of a country 2. The problems that exist in Education in African countries

Education Education is seen as a way out of poverty Education is an important factor in the development of a country Improves food production Improves healthcare Improves the economy No education = no doctors/teachers/engineers/ scientists/skilled workers eg electricians. Nearly half of all Africans cannot read or write.

Education UK primary school enrolment 100% Somalia primary school enrolment can be as low as 22% Ethiopia 45 % Tanzania 82% Gender imbalances –Females are less likely to be educated – 2 thirds of the worlds 875 million illiterate adults are women A good education is regarded as the best way out of poverty.

Primary Schooling UN - Millennium development Goal 2 - Achieve Universal Primary Education (by 2015) At present approximately 40 million children in Africa do not attend primary school. Over 50% of all countries in Africa will not meet this MDG. Secondary education Sub Sahara Africa – 20% of children are in secondary education

Gender imbalance Two thirds of all illiterate adults in Africa are female. Reasons why women are less likely to go to school Carers Housework Role in food production Collect water Arranged marriages Early marriages In many cultures and tribes women are viewed to be inferior to men

Improving education especially among women would have a positive affect on various social and economic problems. Educated women would be more productive at home and better paid in the workplace. Educated women are more likely to remain unmarried for longer and have fewer children. When they do have children their children are more likely to survive and will be better nourished and better educated. Every extra year a girl spends at school could reduce child mortality by 10%

Conditions of African schools There are not enough schools Overcrowding (as much as 70 pupils per class) Lack of resources (textbooks, pens/pencils) Lack of properly trained teachers eg. In Malawi and Namibia less than 60% of the teachers have completed teacher training courses. The pay and working conditions for teachers is poor and therefore it is not a desired profession.

Somalia Education and formal learning opportunities are limited. Quality and access to primary education is very limited. Most schools are concentrated in urban areas and fees usually come from parents and communities. 1,172 schools and 285,574 children enrolled (19%) – one of the lowest enrolment rates in the world..

Economic Factors affecting development Lesson Aims We will learn 1.What economic factors can promote the development of many African countries? 2.What economic factors can hinder the development of African Countries?

Land ownership and tenure Land and natural resources are main source of income 70% of the population earn their livelihood from the land. Proper management of land could have a positive effect on the economy. Often different organisations will claim rights over the same piece of land and in many cases there are no formal records to show who holds the rights in certain areas. When Africa was colonised many European farmers were assigned pieces of land. However after independence many governments tried to redistribute the land more evenly. This has been problematic ……..

In many countries the land has been redistributed unfairly. The best pieces of land has often went to friends of government officials. Thousands of white farmers were evicted in Zimbabwe. There are now less than 300 white farmers in Zimbabwe compared to 4,500 before the invasions began. This has contributed to a catastrophic collapse in the economy as white farmers left the country taking their skills with them.

If land is not distributed properly it can lead to conflict, however if it is sorted out fairly and land rights are clearly assigned the this can promote economic development. Farmers will work as a team instead of competing to produce the same products. Therefore, this produces efficient and productive agricultural practices

Women and Land Ownership. Women are responsible for 60-80% of agricultural production so their access to farm land is very important. However, women are often excluded from land ownership. Women are often excluded from training programmes and government grants. If men and women had equal land rights the this would also boost the economy.

Debt Africa owes massive amounts of money to rich countries. Africa received billions of dollars in aid from governments, banks and charities, mostly in Europe and America. Each year Africa faces $14.5 billion in debt repayments This money should have been spent on development programmes but much of the money has been lost to corrupt governments and poor administration.

How Debt Can Cripple A Country ZAMBIA  Zambia was once one of Africa’s richest countries. Now it is poorer than it was in 1975!  It has one of the lowest life expectancy rates in the world at approximately 40 years. Expected that 50% of population will eventually die of Aids  In 2004, Zambia spent 7.35% of its GDP to repay its debt – this is twice what it spent on education.  To meet its debts, Zambia has had to privatise its public services and take in foreign imports.  Because of this, Zambia cannot address its health, educational and economic needs……..

Loans can be given from country to country eg UK (Bilateral) or from a group of countries or an organisation like the IMF (Multi Lateral). Countries and organisations also impose conditions onto loans. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have been heavily criticised for the conditions on debt. These conditions can lead to hardships for the countries involved.

For example, the IMF can insist that education and health programmes are cut in order to reduce government spending and keep up debt repayments – In Ghana education and health are no longer free. IMF have forced some countries to privatise water supplies. Which means that water is even less affordable and less accessible. This has happened in Rwanda. The IMF can also force many African countries to remove government subsidies.

Terms of Trade African producers do not compete on equal terms in world markets. The World Trade Organisation insists on free trade therefore African governments are not allowed to subsidise farmers or impose import taxes. However, The USA and The EU subsidise their farmers and also have import taxes in order to protect their agricultural industry.

The EU subsidises its farmers through the Common Agricultural Policy. CAP- Policy introduced to protect farmers and keep consumers with a constant supply of food. Farmers are given money by the government by the EU to grow various products. EU farmers often produce food surpluses which are sent to African countries. This food undercuts local producers and puts them out of business. Senegal and Ghana – unwanted chicken thighs and wings from Europe are sold at half the price – putting local farmers out of business.

Example - Sugar In Africa it costs £75 to produce a tonne of sugar but in Europe the cost is around £300. However, two things work against African sugar producers 1.The CAP gives £550 million every year to sugar producers bringing their cost down. 2.The EU applies huge import taxes on imported African Sugar making it impossible for producers in Malawi or Mozambique to compete.

Economic factors that affect development Promoting developmentHindering development Land ownership – 70% of people make their money working on the land – agriculture/natural resources – good management can boost economy Free trade – can sell products all over the world – cash crops - Fair Trade World Trade Organisation – regulate trading – committed to free and fair trade Aid – Loans Debt relief HIPC Distribution of land/corrupt government/lack of education Lack of infrastructure eg roads/bridges Cash crops EU Subsidies/CAP/Import taxes WTO seen as rich countries club – many countries still continue to use subsidies and tariffs. Exchange rates Debt (interest) – affects on health and education Conditions of debt eg cash crop

Economic factors that affect development Promoting developmentHindering development Land ownership – 70% of people make their money working on the land – agriculture/natural resources – good management can boost economy Free trade – can sell products all over the world – cash crops - Fair Trade World Trade Organisation – regulate trading – committed to free and fair trade Aid – Loans Debt relief HIPC Distribution of land/corrupt government/lack of education Lack of infrastructure eg roads/bridges Cash crops EU Subsidies/CAP/Import taxes WTO seen as rich countries club – many countries still continue to use subsidies and tariffs. Exchange rates Debt (interest) – affects on health and education Conditions of debt eg cash crop