Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Chapter 9

Chapter Overview I.Introduction II.Theories of Prejudice III.Global Patterns of Intergroup Relationships IV.Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States V.Looking Toward the Future VI.Review

I. Introduction A. Introductory “Quiz”

1. Race and ethnicity are one and the same. False

2. There is no such thing as a “pure race.” True

3. Tiger Woods is a great Native American golfer. True

4. Studies show that highly prejudiced people are insecure, conformist, submissive to superiors, and have deep respect for authority. True

5. Prejudice is always dysfunctional. False

6. Labels commonly lead to prejudice. True

7. The Hottentots of South Africa are now extinct due to genocide. True

8. Apartment managers can tell if a person is Black or White over the phone and are less likely to rent an apartment to a person who sounds like an African American. True

9. Asian Americans are naturally better at math than people of European descent. False

10. Custer’ last stand was all a terrible misunderstanding. True

B.Background and Vocabulary 1. Race Myths a. “Superior Race” b. “Pure Race” 2. Ethnic Groups

3.Minority & Dominant Groups 4.How People Construct Their Racial-Ethnic Identity

A Sense of Ethnicity

Ethnic Work

5.Prejudice 6.Theories of Prejudice a. Psychological Frustration & Scapegoats Authoritarian Personality b. Sociological Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interactionism

7. Discrimination a.Personal Discrimination b.Institutional Discrimination 8. Racism

9. AND NOW ANOTHER QUIZ!!!!

1. Because sports are competitive and fans, coaches, and players want to win, the color of the players has not been a factor, only their performance. False

Discrimination has been pervasive throughout the history of sports in the United States. For example, African American athletes, regardless of their abilities, were excluded from white teams for many years.

2. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, boxing provided social mobility for some Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants. True.

Irish Americans were the first to excel in boxing, followed by Jewish Americans and then Italian Americans. Boxing, like other sports, was a source of social mobility for some immigrants.

3. African Americans who competed in boxing matches in the late 1800s often had to agree to lose before they could obtain a match. True.

Promoters, who often set up boxing matches that pitted fighters by race, assumed that White fans were more likely to buy tickets if the White fighters frequently won.

4. Racially linked genetic traits explain many of the differences among athletes. False

Although some scholars and journalists have used biological or genetic factors to explain the achievements of athletes, sociologists view these explanations as being based on the inherently racist assumption that people have “natural” abilities (or disabilities) because of their race or ethnicity.

5. All races have used sports to climb the social ladder. False. Some racial and ethnic groups—including Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans—have not viewed sports as a means of social mobility.

6. In professional football (the NFL), the positions of quarterback and kicker have been held almost exclusively by White players. True.

In the 1990s, Whites accounted for about 90% of the quarterbacks and kickers on NFL teams. Different reasons have been given for this overrepresentation; however, some sociologists believe that a discriminatory practice known as stacking (discussed in this chapter) has been responsible for the racial distribution of players in football and baseball.

7. In recent years, players of color have moved into coaching, management, and ownership positions in professional sports. False.

Although more African American players are employed by these teams (especially in basketball), their numbers have not increased significantly in coaching and management positions. No professional team is currently owned by an African American (except Michael Jordan).

8. Professional sports is a $90 billion business, and athletes’ salaries are a relatively minor expense by comparison. True. In 1994, professional sports was estimated to be a $90 billion business. Only $2 billion was paid in salaries.

9. The odds are good that many outstanding high school and college athletes will make the pros if they do not get injured. False.

The odds of becoming a professional athlete are very low. The rate of high school football, basketball, and baseball athletes playing pro ball is less than 2.0%. The rate of college athletes who make it to the pros is less than 3.6%

10. Racism and sexism appear to be on the decline in sports in the United States. False

Even as people of color and White women have made gains on collegiate and professional teams, scholars have documented the continuing significance of racial and gender discrimination in sports.

II. Theories of Prejudice: You tell me. A.Psychological 1.Scapegoating 2.Authoritarian Personality B.Sociological 1.Costs and Benefits 2.Exploitation 3.Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes

III. Global Patterns of Intergroup Relationships A.Genocide B.Population Transfer C.Internal Colonialism D.Segregation E.Assimilation F.Amalgamation (Fusion) G.Multiculturalism (Pluralism)

Patterns of Intergroup Relations: A Continuum

IV. Race and Ethnic Relations if the United States A.White Europeans 1790: The First Continental Congress

B. African Americans 1.The Struggle for Civil Rights 2.Middle v. Lower Classes

C. Latinos: Country of Origin

Subgroups Within the Hispanic Population of the United States, 1993

D. Asian Americans: 1. Country of Origin 2. Stereotypes

E. Native Americans: 1.Poverty 2.Sovereignty 3.Settling Treaty Obligations

V. Looking Toward the Future

A. Projected Population Distribution of the United States by Race and Ethnicity, 2050

B. Race-Ethnic Relation Issues 1.Immigration 2.Affirmative action 3.The development of a multicultural society.

VIII. Review 1.What is the difference between between race and ethnicity? 2.What is a minority group? 3.What is ethnic work? 4.What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

5. What is institutional discrimination? Name two psychological theories of prejudice. Name three sociological theories of prejudice. What is the relationship between frustration and scapegoating? What is the authoritarian personality and how is it related to prejudice? What is the costs and benefits theory of prejudice?

11.What is the exploitation theory of prejudice? 12.How does the self-fulfilling prophesy apply to prejudice? 13.Define and give the pros and cons to the following: genocide, population transfer, internal colonialism, segregation, assimilation, multiculturalism or pluralism. 14.What are the five major ethnic groups in America today? 15.What are the African American issues discussed in the book?

16.What are the major issues for American Latinos? 17.What are the major issues of Asian Americans? 18.What are the major issues of Native Americans? 19.What are three major immigration problems mentioned in the book? 20.What is affirmative action?