BIOLOGY 145 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1

Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among the structures Physiology deals with functions of body parts See Table 1.1

CLINICAL APPLICATION PALPATATION AUSCULATATION PERCUSSION

Levels of Structural Organization Organism Organ systems Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules Atoms

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM BASIC LIFE PROCESSES HOMEOSTASIS BODY FLUIDS

Basic Life Processes 1.METABOLISM anabolism catabolism 2.RESPONSIVENESS 3.MOVEMENT 4.GROWTH 5.DIFFERENTIATION 6.REPRODUCTION

CLINICAL APPLICATION AUTOPSY

Homeostasis: Maintaining Physiological Limits Homeostasis - is a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. Internal environment is the interstitial fluid.

Body Fluids I.EXTRACELLULAR FLUID A.Intercellular fluid B.Plasma and lymph II.INTRACELLULAR FLUID

CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS FEEDBACK SYSTEMS HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Regulation of Homeostasis Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems acting together or separately. The nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress. The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.

Feedback Systems [Loops] A feedback system consists of a control center, receptors, and effectors. A control center that determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained. Receptors that monitor changes in the controlled condition and send the information to the control center. Effectors produce a response.

Feedback Systems Negative feedback Response reverses the original stimulus 95% of systems of the body are negative. Example: blood pressure Positive feedback Response intensifies the original stimulus 5% of systems of the body are positive Some are destructive Ex. Repro. Sys.

Stress and Homeostasis Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment. If a stress acts on the body, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal. All body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis.

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Disease Local disease Systemic disease Symptoms Signs Disorder Diagnosis of Disease Medical history Physical examination Epidemiology Pharmacology

CLINICAL APPLICATION DIAGNOSIS MEDICAL HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAM

Basic Anatomical Terminology ANATOMICAL POSITIONS - prone and supine DIRECTIONAL TERMS See Ex. 1.1 PLANES See Fig. 1.6 –Sagittal plane –Midsagittal plane –Frontal or coronal plane –Transverse plane or horizontal plane –Oblique plane

Body Cavities DORSAL –Cranial cavity –Vertebral [spinal] cavity TABLE 1.3 VENTRAL –Thoracic cavity pleural cavities –pleura –mediastinum pericardial cavity –Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity –peritoneum

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes SEROUS MEMBRANE –PARIETAL –VISCERAL –PLEURA ( LUNGS) –PERICARDIUM –PERITONEUM

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS QUADRANTS FIGURES 1.11 & 1.12

MEDICAL IMAGING TABLE 1.4