Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1.1: Introduction Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

“The complementarity of structure and function.” 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.”

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) “Structure dictates function.”

1.3: Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism – the human

Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue 6

Can you name the organ systems? Levels of Organization Can you name the organ systems? There are eleven (11).

Organ Systems Integumentary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system

Organ Systems Skeletal system Muscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Skeletal system Muscular system

Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous system Endocrine system

Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system

Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

1.1 Clinical Application Ultrasound (US) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

© Keith Brofsky/Getty Images Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1A © Keith Brofsky/Getty Images

© SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1C © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

Characteristics of Life Continued Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.) Receptors Effectors (muscles or glands) Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) Response (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body There are only a few types necessary for our survival Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body Body cavities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity V ertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a)

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal perineum Visceral perineum

Thoracic Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Vertebra Spinal cord Mediastinum Azygos v. Aorta Left lung Esophagus Right lung Rib Right atrium of heart Left ventricle of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Parietal pleura Anterior Parietal pericardium Sternum Fibrous pericardium

Abdominal Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord V ertebra Plane of section Right kidney Aorta Left kidney Inferior vena cava Spleen Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Large intestine Liver Rib Gallbladder Duodenum Costal cartilage Visceral peritoneum Stomach Peritoneal cavity Anterior Parietal peritoneum

1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples?

1.8: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

Body Sections or Planes (3) Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer Body Sections Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane A section along a frontal plane © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections (a) (b) (c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c)

Abdominal Subdivisions (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Regions (9) Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region (a) Quadrants (4) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b)

Fig. 1.24a Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.24a Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region (a)

Fig. 1.24b Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.24b Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b)

Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital (back of head) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Antecubital (front of elbow) Cubital (elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral (between hips) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) T arsal (instep) Pedal (foot) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (a) (b)

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed 1.1: Introduction Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body. 1.2: Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related. 1.3: Levels of Organization List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each. 1.4: Characteristics of Life List and describe the major characteristics of life. Define and give examples of metabolism.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued 1.5: Maintenance of Life List and describe the major requirements of organisms. Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival. Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Identify the locations of the major body cavities. List the organs located in each major body cavity. Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each. Describe the general function of each organ system. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Define aging. Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.

Quiz 1 Complete Quiz 1 now! Read Chapter 2.