Chapter 45 The Human Body

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I. The Human Body – An Orientation A. Anatomy – study of the and of the body and its parts. B. Physiology – study of the body and its parts or function work structure how shape

II. Anatomy – Levels of Study A. Gross Anatomy B. Microscopic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy- study of the, , structures and parts of a body that are to the naked eye. Also called macroscopic anatomy. Large Easily observable visible structures organs

Microscopic Anatomy-the study of microscopic structures of and Very small structures Can only be viewed with a organs microscope tissues

III. Levels of Structural Organization A. The levels of structural organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Six Organ System Cells Organ Chemical/Molecular Organism Tissue

Levels of Structural Organization

B. How the Levels of Organization are Functionally Connected An aggregation of similarly which together perform certain special functions are a . 2. A group of tissues that perform a or group of functions are an . 3. A group of organs that to perform a complex function are an . specific function Tissue work together Organ Organ System specialized cells

IV. Body Tissues composed of contractile cells for movement. contains cells that receive and transmit messages. consists of layers of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surfaces. characterized by cells that are embedded in large amounts of an intercellular substance called matrix. Connective Tissue- Epithelial Tissue- Muscle Tissue- Nervous Tissue-

E. Types of Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal Muscle- muscle that powers movement of the in your trunk, limbs, and . (Striated, Multinucleated) 2. Smooth Muscle- surrounds and internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, and bladder. (Un-striated, uninucleated) 3. Muscle- found only in the heart. (Striated, uninucleated) blood vessels hollow face Cardiac bones

V. Body Cavities Cavity 1. 2. B. Cavity 3. Spinal or Vertebral Dorsal Thoracic Abdominal Ventral Cranial Pelvic

Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment to bones for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Moves substances through body

Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury and drying out Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

Organ System Overview Immune Lymph nodes, lymph vessels and white blood cells Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity- destroys bacteria and tumor cells

Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

Organ System Overview Excretory Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes

Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands

Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries- keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment- the skin and membranes Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions Reproduction Production of future generation Provides new cells for growth and repair Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Water Stable body temperature 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Body Landmarks Anterior

Body Landmarks Posterior

Body Planes

S0ME OF THE MAJOR ORGANS IN THE HUMAN BODY THE BRAIN THE LUNGS THE LIVER THE STOMACH THE BLADDER NEXT

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Do body systems work alone or do they work with other systems to function properly? How many system interactions can you come up with?