Slide 1 Chapter 1 Organization of the Body

Slide 2 Science and Society Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentation Science involves logical inquiry based on experimentation  Hypothesis—idea or principle to be tested in experiments  Experiment—series of tests of a hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences

Slide 3 Theory Theory Law Law process of science - active and changing process of science - active and changing affected by culture and culture is affected by society affected by culture and culture is affected by society

Slide 4

Slide 5 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy—science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts Anatomy—science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts Gross anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Microscopic anatomy  Cytology—study of cells  Histology—study of tissues

Slide 6 Anatomy and Physiology Developmental anatomy Developmental anatomy Pathological anatomy Pathological anatomy Systemic anatomy Systemic anatomy

Slide 7 Anatomy and Physiology Physiology—science of the functions of organisms; Physiology—science of the functions of organisms;  subdivisions named according to Organism involved Organism involved Organizational level—molecular or cellular physiology Organizational level—molecular or cellular physiology Systemic function Systemic function

Slide 8 Language of Science and Medicine Latin or Greek word parts Latin or Greek word parts

Slide 9 Language of Science and Medicine Terminologia anatomica Terminologia anatomica  Official list of anatomical terms  Terms listed in Latin, English, and by number Physiology terms do not have an official list but follow the same principles as Terminologia Anatomica Physiology terms do not have an official list but follow the same principles as Terminologia Anatomica

Slide 10 Characteristics of Life General criterion - describe life General criterion - describe life  Autopoiesis - self-organized and self-maintaining  Cell theory - made of one or more cells

Slide 11 Characteristics of Life  Responsiveness  Conductivity  Growth  Respiration  Digestion  Absorption  Secretion  Excretion  Circulation  Reproduction Characteristics of life considered most important in humans:

Slide 12 Characteristics of Life Metabolism Metabolism

Slide 13 Levels of Organization Chemical level—basis for life Chemical level—basis for life  Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving material  Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm

Slide 14 Levels of Organization Organelle level Organelle level  Chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functions  functions of the organelles that allow the cell to live  Dozens of organelles identified

Slide 15 Levels of Organization Cellular level Cellular level  Cells—smallest and most numerous units - possess / exhibit characteristics of life  Cell—nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane  Cells differentiate

Slide 16 Levels of Organization Tissue level Tissue level  Tissue—an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function  Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix  Four major tissue types: Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Nervous tissue

Slide 17 Levels of Organization Organ level Organ level  Organ—organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function  Organs represent discrete and functionally complex operational units  Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body

Slide 18 Levels of Organization System level System level  Systems—most complex organizational units of the body  System level involves Support and movement Support and movement Communication, control, and integration Communication, control, and integration Transportation and defense Transportation and defense Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Respiration, nutrition, and excretion Reproduction and development Reproduction and development

Slide 19 Levels of Organization Organism level Organism level  The living human organism is greater than the sum of its parts  All of the components

Slide 20 Levels of Organization

Slide 21 Homeostasis Walter B. Cannon Walter B. Cannon Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant states Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant states

Slide 22 Homeostasis “set point” in an acceptable or normal range “set point” in an acceptable or normal range Examples of homeostasis: Examples of homeostasis:  Temperature regulation  Regulation of blood carbon dioxide level  Regulation of blood glucose level

Slide 23 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops Devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by self-regulation through feedback control loops Basic components of control mechanisms Basic components of control mechanisms  Sensor mechanism  Integrating, or control, center  Effector mechanism  Feedback

Slide 24 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback control systems Negative feedback control systems  Are inhibitory  Stabilize physiological variables  Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system

Slide 25 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback control systems Positive feedback control systems  Are stimulatory  Amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring  Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis  Bring specific body functions to swift completion

Slide 26 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Levels of control Levels of control  Intracellular control  Intrinsic control (autoregulation)  Extrinsic control

Slide 27 Anatomical Position Reference position Reference position Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward Head and feet pointing forward Head and feet pointing forward

Slide 28 Anatomical Position Bilateral symmetry Bilateral symmetry  Ipsilateral structures  Contralateral

Slide 29 Body Cavities Ventral body cavity Ventral body cavity  Thoracic cavity Right and left pleural cavities Right and left pleural cavities Mediastinum Mediastinum  Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity

Slide 30 Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity  Cranial cavity  Spinal cavity

Slide 31 Body Regions Axial subdivision Axial subdivision  Head  Neck  Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions

Slide 32 Body Regions Appendicular subdivision Appendicular subdivision  Upper extremity and subdivisions  Lower extremity and subdivisions

Slide 33 Body Regions Abdominal regions Abdominal regions  Right hypochondriac region  Epigastric region  Left hypochondriac region  Right lumbar region  Umbilical region  Left lumbar region  Right iliac (inguinal) region  Hypogastric region  Left iliac (inguinal) region

Slide 34 Body Regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants  Right upper quadrant  Left upper quadrant  Right lower quadrant  Left lower quadrant

Slide 35 Terms Used in Describing Body Structure Directional terms Directional terms  Superior  Inferior  Anterior (ventral)  Posterior (dorsal)  Medial  Lateral  Proximal  Distal  Superficial  Deep

Slide 36 Terms Used in Describing Body Structure Terms related to organs Terms related to organs  Lumen (luminal) - inner open space of a tubular organ  Central - towards the middle  Peripheral - towards the outside  Medullary (medulla) - the inner layer  Cortical (cortex) - the outer layer  Apical (apex) - the point or tip  Basal (base) - the base or bottom

Slide 37 Body Planes and Sections

Slide 38 Body Planes and Sections There are three major planes, which lie at right angles to each other: There are three major planes, which lie at right angles to each other:  Sagittal midsagittal or median sagittal midsagittal or median sagittal  Frontal (coronal)  Transverse (horizontal) plane

Slide 39 Interaction of Structure and Function Complementarity of structure and function Complementarity of structure and function Anatomical structures - designed to perform specific functions Anatomical structures - designed to perform specific functions

Slide 40 Body Type and Disease Somatotype Somatotype Endomorph Endomorph  “Apple-shaped” endomorph  “Pear-shaped” endomorph Mesomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph Ectomorph

Slide 41 Mechanisms of disease  Pathogenic organism  Tumors/cancer  Physical and chemical  Malnutrition  Autoimmunity  Inflammation  degeneration

Slide 42 Disease Terminology Pathology Pathology Diagnosis Diagnosis Symptoms Symptoms Syndrome - collection of signs and symptoms Syndrome - collection of signs and symptoms Acute - intense and short Acute - intense and short Chronic Chronic Idiopathic - disease with undetermined cause Idiopathic - disease with undetermined cause Communicable - can be passed on Communicable - can be passed on Pathogenesis - pattern of disease development Pathogenesis - pattern of disease development Epidemiology - study of occurance of disease Epidemiology - study of occurance of disease

Slide 43 Medical imaging Radiography Radiography Computed tomography Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Ultrasonography Ultrasonography

Slide 44 Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years (developmental processes) and late years (aging processes) Structure and function of body undergo changes over the early years (developmental processes) and late years (aging processes) Infancy and old age are periods of time when the body functions least well Infancy and old age are periods of time when the body functions least well Cycle of Life: Life Span Considerations

Slide 45 Cycle of Life: Life Span Considerations Young adulthood is period of greatest homeostatic efficiency Young adulthood is period of greatest homeostatic efficiency Atrophy Atrophy