Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1: The Human Body, an Orientation

Sec. 1:Essential Vocabulary AnatomyPhysiology Gross anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Surface anatomy Microscopic anatomy Developmental anatomy Embrology Renal physiology Neurophysiology Cardiovascular physiology Principle of complementarity of structure and function

Sec. 2: Levels of Structural Organization  From smallest to largest  Chemical level  Cellular level  Tissue level  Organ level  Organ system level  Organismal level

Chemical level Cellular level Tissue Level Organ level System level

Summary of body systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Urinary Reproductive (male or female)

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life 1. Maintain its boundaries Selectively permeable membranes at the cellular level Integumentary system protects the body as a whole from drying out, bacteria, the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and chemicals in the environment

Sec. 3 Maintaining Life 2. Movement includes all activities promoted by the muscular system. The skeletal system provides a framework that the muscles pull on as they work. The skeletal system provides a framework that the muscles pull on as they work. Movement internally includes substances like blood, urine, organs like the heart Contractility is the muscle’s ability to move by shortening

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life 3. Responsiveness or irritability, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them.3. Responsiveness or irritability, is the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. The nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all body cells exhibit irritability to some extent.The nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all body cells exhibit irritability to some extent.

Sec. 3 Maintaining Life 4. Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.4. Digestion is the process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. The digestive system performs this function for the entire body.The digestive system performs this function for the entire body.

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life 5. Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Catabolism, anabolism, cellular respiration Digestive system and respiratory system help make nutrients and oxygen available Cardiovascular sys. Distributes Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands

Sec. 3: Maintaining Life ► 6. Excretion is the process of removing excreta (wastes) from the body. ► Wastes (urine, feces, carbon dioxide) ► Urinary system, digestive systems, cardiovascular and respiratory system

Sec. 3 Maintaining Life ► 7. Reproduction can occur at the cellular or oganismal level ► Mitosis (asexual) ► Meiosis (sexual) ► Reproductive and endocrine system work together

Sec. 3: maintaining Life Growth is an increase in size of a body part or organism. Growth is an increase in size of a body part or organism.

Sec. 4: Survival Needs 1. nutrients (food) 2. oxygen 3. water 4. appropriate temperature (37 C or 98 F) 5. atmospheric pressure **The mere presence of these survival factors is not sufficient to sustain life. They must be present in appropriate amounts.

Sec. 5 Homeostasis Homeostasis is the bodies ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment while the outside environment is changing. Homeostasis is the bodies ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment while the outside environment is changing. It is a dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. It is a dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use electrical impulses delivered by nerves or blood-borne hormones respectively as information carriers.

Two types of Homeostatic controls 1. Negative Feedback Mechanism Most homeostatic mechanisms are negative feed back The mechanism cause the variable to change in the opposite direction. 2. Positive Feedback Mechanism The result or response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated.

Vocabulary Word roottranslationexample alveSocketAlveoli, alveolar appendHang toappendicular mentChinMental foramen odonToothOdontoid process pectThe breastPectoral girdle pelvA basinPelvic girdle pterWingPterygoid process scaphA boatscaphoid skeletoDried bodyskeleton vertTurn, jointvertebra