Animal Regulatory Systems I. Designs A. Systems 1. Why? 2. Nervous System Overview Electrical response Figure 48.3 Nervous system is designed for a quick response, evaluation, and respond again.

3. Endocrine System Overview Figure 45.4 Chemical response Endocrine system design  slow response, evaluate, and respond again Figure 45.11

II. Nervous System A. Nervous Cells 1. Neuron a. Parts of a Neuron  dendrites, cell body (soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs Figure 48.4

b. Types of neurons Figure 48.5 i. based on function. ii. based on structure. Neurons.

2. Supporting Cells a. CNS Supporting cells  Glial cells (astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage) Figure 49.6

b. PNS Supporting cells  the Schwann and satellite cells Figure 48.13

B. Communication 1. Nerve Impulse a. Events: i. resting potential, ii. threshold stimuli, iii. depolarization, iv. repolarization, and v. hyperpolarization Figure 48.7 Figure 48.11

b. Refractory Periods (i. absolute vs. ii. relative)

c. Self-Propagation Figure d. Saltatory Conduction Figure 48.14

2. Synapse a. Structure  electrical and chemical signals Figure 48.15

Neurotransmitters Table 48.2

b. Function Figure i. integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP

ii. Summation Figure 48.17

C. Nervous Strategies 1. Development a. Nerve Net Cnidarians b. Cephalization Platyhelminthes c. Ganglia to a ventral nerve cord Annelids Figure 49.2 Advantage?

2. Vertebrate Nervous System a. Overview Vertebrate nervous system  CNS and PNS,motor and sensory Figure 49.4 Figure 49.7

b. Peripheral Nervous System i. Cranial Nerves Mammals 12 pair of cranial nerves

ii. Spinal Nerves 31 pair of spinal nerves

iii. Spinal Nerve Coverage Dermatomes

Components of a reflex arc Figure 49.3

iv. Autonomic Nerves Autonomic Nervous System  homeostatic side of nerves divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Figure 49.8

The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by: Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects Coverage Network Origin of Preganglionic Neurons Neurotransmitter Released Effectors Receptors

c. Central Nervous System i. Development Central Nervous System  dorsal hollow nerve cord Figure 49.9

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8 ii. Brain

The Cerebrum (gray and white matter) Figure Figure 49.17

Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem Figure 49.8

Reticular formation = Arousal Figure EEG = Tracing Figure Emotions = Fun? Memory/Learning Figure Random thoughts:

Telephone cable Connections iii. Spinal Cord

Reflexes

III. Endocrine System A. Design 1. Invertebrates B. Animal Strategies a. Molting (ecdysis)  crustaceans and insects

i. Crustaceans  eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone) b. Glands & Hormones

ii. Insects ecdysis  brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone) Figure 45.10

2. Vertebrates a. Glands Figure 45.4

b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms

and then some.

c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway Figure 45.6 d. Regulation via feedback loops