Split Brain Split brain patient

Phantom Limb Pain Amputees often feel pain in a limb after it has been removed Sensation in limb can be felt when touching other areas of body (most common: lost hand feels touch of face)

Plasticity The brain is plastic—subject to alteration in the way it functions, such as: Changes in the brain’s overall architecture in response to stimulation and environmental experience The central nervous system can grow new neurons: But limited ability to do so with cortical injury This promotes stability in the brain’s connections but is an obstacle to recovery from brain damage. On a larger scale, whole regions of the cortex can be reorganized with experience; for example, musicians who require sensitivity and skill in their fingers have more cortical area devoted to representing information about the fingers. Similarly, individuals who are blind can show visual cortex activation to somatosensory tasks, suggesting that even specialized parts of the cortex can take on new roles. Finally, evidence suggests that neurogenesis in response to learning continues throughout life, although the central nervous system does not appear to be able to grow new neurons to replace neurons damaged through injury. Controversial research that induces stem cells to turn into healthy neurons, however, may lead to successful therapies for injuries and diseases of the nervous system. 4

Plasticity Neurons are subject to alteration in the way they function, such as: Changes in how much neurotransmitter a presynaptic neuron releases Changes in neuron sensitivity to neurotransmitters Creating new connections by growing new dendritic spines - Important for learning 5

Principles and Functions Cephalization All-or-None Law Frequency Coding of Intensity Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Localization of Function (+ Integration) Topographic Projection (& Distortion) Split Brain (Crossed Connections) Connectivity & Functional Connectivity Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

Motivation What gets things going??

Motivation outline The major functions of motivation (activation and goal orientation/seeking) A typology of motivations: major types and an idea about their interdependence Yerkes-Dodson Law Evolution of adaptive mechanism of homeostatic control systems and how they operate A model of primary drives and how they fit into above control system model

Motivation: Characteristics Story- Activation + Goal orientation

Typology of Motivations Primary and Secondary Drives Pyramid of needs (Maslow)

Yerkes Dodson: Activation (Cockroaches & Quarterbacks!) Good/bad pool players: audience size 4 Zajonc: Mere exposure (cockroaches!) Home field advantage-world series!

Primary Drive: Basic Model Claude Bernard: Mileau Interior & Evol. Walter Cannon & body wisdom (salt ex) Homeostasis & negative feedback Dual outputs Instinct & reflexes vs. motivation & learning (flexitility/adaptability) D.W. 1940 “Salt was one of first words. Died at 3.5 years.

Setpoint Output:Physiol/Motivtional Input _ Negative feedback loop

Body Water Levels & Thirst Physiological: Two systems of regulation Prevent water loss Hypothalamus/pituitary/kidney/ADH Control of reabsorption of water Pressure sensitivity Thirst: find new water

Hunger: Hunger: More complex First, a “basic” physiological mechanism Hypothalamus VMH: satiety & feeding Reinterpretation of satiety as change in set point

Other Hunger Regulators: (Long-term and Short-term Liver: glucose  glycogen conversion Long term vs short term regulation Fat cell hypothesis & Leptin/NPY Genetic control Social control

Emotions Emotional expression Some basic theories of emotion Darwin & Ekman: universality Some basic theories of emotion Naïve James-Lange Cognitive/ Schacter-Singer/Cannon-Bard

A Higher-level Motive: Need for Achievement McClelland Methodology: projective techniques Goal setting Parent-child immediate interaction Longer-term developmental styles Societal implications Dweck: Mastery vs Performance orientation