Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Midterm Exam  When: 3:30 – 4:50PM, Thursday, October 4, 2012  Where: HM 201s  Format  Close book  Question types  Multiple choices  Fill in blanks  Short answer  Refer to all materials for reviewing, for example, lecture notes, in-class activities, assignments.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting (Adapted from Dr. Osman Balci) Sung Hee Park Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Virginia State University September 20, 2012

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Waterfall Model

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting  The process of Architecting takes the Requirements Specification Document (RSD) as input and generates an Architecture Specification as output.  Architecting QA integrates the assessments of  quality of the Architecture Specification work product,  architecting process quality,  quality of the people employed in architecting, and  project characteristics related to the life cycle stage forarchitecting.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation UML Supports Application Development  The output, Architecture Specification, is created using a standard description framework such as DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF).

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation The Process of Architecting  The Architecting process deals with the creation of a system/software architecture to satisfy the requirements.  The Architecting process involves  Identification of a known system/software architecture,  Composition of an architecture from a set of known system/software architectures, or  Creation of a new system/software architecture.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture Definition  “The structure of components, their relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.” [DoD Integrated Architecture Panel, 1995, based on IEEE STD ]  “An architecture is the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to each other, and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution.” [IEEE STD ]

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Network-Centric Software Architecture  A network-centric software architecture refers to the  fundamental organization of software components that interoperate over a network,  relationships among the software components, and  the principles and guidelines governing the design and evolution of those software components.  We use the term “network” to refer to one or a combination of many types of communications networks such as  Global System for Mobile communication (GSM),  Internet,  local area network (LAN),  mobile ad-hoc network (MANET),  virtual private network (VPN), or  wireless network.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Major Network-Centric Software Architectures  1. Client-Server Architecture (CSA)  2. Distributed Objects Architecture (DOA)  3. Peer-to-Peer Architecture (PPA)  4. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture versus Design  A design is an instantiation of an architecture similar to how an object is an instantiation from a class. Example: Client-Server Architecture Server Computer Design based on the.Net platform Design based on the the Java EE platform Instantiation

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecture versus Design  System/Software Architecture is used to:  Make buy decisions (acquisition)  Discriminate between options  Assist in “Discovery” of the true requirements  Drive one or more systems to a common “use” or purpose (system of systems)  System/Software Design is used to:  Develop system/software components  Build the system/software  Understand configuration changes as the system/software is modified

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation What is a Network-Centric System?  A network-centric system is an interconnection of software, hardware, and humans that operate together over a network to accomplish a set of goals.  The main idea behind the “network-centric” characterization is to connect everything with everything else such as communities of interest, computers, databases, mobile devices, organizational entities, processes, satellites, sensors, and software.  A network-centric system is commonly engineered to provide pervasive services for use by anyone, anywhere, and anytime.  The user consumes pervasive services by using smart devices such as workstation computers, desktop computers, laptop computers, hand-held computers, cellular smart phones, and kiosks, all connected to a network.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation An Example Network-Centric System of Systems

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Definitions of Terms  COI Community of Interest  COPS Common Open Policy Service  DEN Directory Enabled Networking  HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol  IPSP Internet Protocol Security Policy  IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6  NDMP Network Data Management Protocol  P2P Peer-to-Peer  SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol  TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol  UDDI Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Emergence of New Areas  The vision / paradigm  “Connecting everything with everything else!” created two new major areas: 1. System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) (System of Systems Architecting) 2. Enterprise Systems Engineering (Enterprise Systems Architecting)

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation An Example Network-Centric System of Systems  A system of systems (SoS) is an interconnection of interdependent  systems through a network to provide a given capability.  An SoS may be a single platform or consist of a collection of  separate, but interdependent, interconnected platforms performing  different functions.  A military aircraft, for example, is a single platform operating with  different systems on board, such as propulsion, weapons,  navigation, and communications systems.  A ground station dependent on a satellite is an example of an SoS,  interconnected platforms performing different functions.  A distinguishing factor for an SoS is that it depends on all of its  elements working interactively and continuously within a network  to accomplish a pre-specified capability.  The loss of any SoS element degrades the performance or  capabilities of the entire SoS. An SoS provides a capability not  possible with any of the individual elements acting alone.

Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Architecting Challenges  Network-Centric System/Software Architecting  System of Systems Architecting  Enterprise Systems Architecting  Job Titles:  Software Architect  System Architect  Enterprise System Architect