The Legacy of Спутник and “Friendly” Competition between Human and Robotic Approach Roald Sagdeev University of Maryland

Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky

Master equation of Rocketry (Tsiolkovsky) V ROCKET /V FUEL = = Ln M 1 /M 2

From Tsiolkovsky to Sputnik and beyond Late 19 th century – 1920 th (Early romanticism of the Pioneers) 1924 – 1945 (small scale experimentation and engineering, first mass production of military rockets /“Katyusha”) Werner von Braun (WWII): V – 1957 (Build up of rocket industry) Call of International Geophysical Year October 4, 1957 (Beginning of the Space Age)

October 4, 1957 – SPUTNIK –1 opened the Space Age. It was a byproduct of military rocketry. How much Soviets got from Germans after WWII ?

The secrecy around Sputnik; The name of Korolev was kept confidential; Official publications praised two anonymous persons: The Chief Designer and Chief Theorist of Cosmonautics; (Sergey Korolev and Mstislav Keldysh)

Sputnik-3 (April, 1958) was promised as the first scientific satellite; It carried a package of particle detectors to study cosmic rays in space; If successful it was well equipped to run on Van Allen radiation belts

Almost a year after Sputnik-1 Korolev opened a series of launches of small probes In direction of Moon, Mars and Venus. Luna-3 reached the surface of Moon (1959)

From Sputnik to Lunar race 1961 (Gagarin - First man in space) Early 1960 th (rapid development of manned flights, followed by Tereshkova flight) 1969 (N-1 superrocket failure) 1960eth (Lunar robotic missions, Lunokhod and Lunar sample return / L-1 to L-24)

Second unsuccessful launch of N-1 (1969); Terminated after 50+ seconds.

LUNAR MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW Landing vehicles ("Luna”-9,-13,-15,-16,-17,-18,-20,-21,-23,-24) Artificial Moon satellites ("Luna”-10,-11,-12,-14,-19,-22) Vehicles for the lunar sample return "Luna”-15,-16,-18,-20,-23,-24) Mobile lunar laboratories - "Lunokhod-1,2“ ("Luna"-17,-21)

Descent vehicle Landing vehicles ("Venera”-4,-5,-6,-7,-8,-9,-10,-11,- 12,-13,-14) Venus artificial satellites ("Venera”-9,-10,-15,-16) Fly-by vehicles (“Venera”-11,-12,-13,-14) VENUS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW

VEGA ( ) Balloon probe Multipurpose interplanetary stations for studying Venus (balloon probes and landing vehicles) and Halley’s comet fly-by vehicles ("Vega”-1,-2) VENUS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW

MARS MISSIONS HISTORICAL REVIEW Landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7) Orbiters ("Mars"-4,-5)Spacecraft with landers ("Mars"-2,-3,-6,-7)

PROGNOZ-1,..-10, INTERBALL (1972 – 1996) Earth satellites designed for studying the processes of solar activitiy, their influence on interplanetary space and the Earth's magnetosphere EARTH SCIENTIFIC SATELLITES HISTORICAL REVIEW

ASTRON (1983 – 1989 ) Orbital astro-physical UV-spacecraft GRANAT (1989 – 1999) International orbital astro-physical X-ray and gamma spacecraft ASTROPHYSICAL SPACECRAFT HISTORICAL REVIEW

The peak of Soviet success in a deep space exploration – -Encounter with the Halley’s comet (following release of atmospheric balloons on Venus / VEGA mission)

Soyuz Major Soviet/Russian workhorse for manned flights; Launch Site: Baikonur (51 0 ) –ESA commissioned Soyuz for Science Missions / Cluster & Mars Express; –Reliable transport to International Space Station.

Geopolitical International Co-operation Societal Economic Market Technology SPACE

Security Civil Commercial

World Space activity in Global terms World economic activityU$ 30 x Space Economic activityU$ 90 x10 9 $1 in $330 of economic activity spent on space

Space Revenues (U$10 9 ) in 2000 Source: International Space Business Council Infrastructure53.6 Telecom28.9 Use of Space Data and Assets 9.6 Support Services 3.9 Total96.0 Government is largest customer of infrastructure at about $34 billion (Military $15 B, Civil $19 B)

НИЦ им. ГН БАБАКИНА МАРС-ВОЛНА 2003 ИКИ РАН

Moon will soon become a busy place for robotic spacecraft. Europe's SMART-1 mission, a technology test of low-thrust ion propulsion, is currently on a 16-month journey to the Moon. SMART-1 will measure the chemical composition of the lunar surface, including the polar regions. Japan is developing two missions: Lunar-A, an orbiter that will fire penetrators into the surface, and SELENE, an orbiter with two sub-satellites. India also is planning a lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1. NASA agreed to participate with its science instruments. China introduces its lunar program Cheng'e with two missions - an orbiter and a lander.

Supernova as a “Standard Candle” SN (HUBBLE)

The “Younger Sister” of Crab Nebula / Supernova Cassiopeya A / exploded in 1680/ in X-Rays by Chandra